{
  "abstract": "Sex-sorted sperm permit the preferential production of offspring of a specified sex, but flow sorting and cryopreservation can compromise sperm function and reduce the efficiency of conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF). We sequentially evaluated oocyte maturation duration, sperm processing, post-injection incubation medium, and nine activation regimens using slaughterhouse-derived oocytes, and then evaluated the best-performing combination under the tested sequential conditions using ovum pick-up (OPU)-derived oocytes. In conventional IVF, the presumptive normal fertilization rate, based on the presence of two pronuclei (2PN), was 2.45% with X-sorted sperm and 46.13% with conventional sperm. The final selected combination, consisting of 22 h maturation, Brackett-Oliphant (BO)-based swim-up, oocyte maturation medium (OM) during post-injection incubation, and treatment with 7% ethanol for 5 min [ETH (5)], resulted in a presumptive normal fertilization (2PN) rate of 52.92%, a blastocyst rate of 10.46%, and an ICM/TE ratio of 0.82. In the validation using OPU-derived oocytes, the blastocyst formation rate after ssICSI was 13.46% when calculated relative to injected oocytes and 16.84% when calculated relative to surviving oocytes. These rates differed significantly from the blastocyst formation rate after ssIVF (7.88%), whereas cleavage rates did not differ significantly between groups. ETH (5) provided the most favorable in vitro balance of presumptive 2PN formation, blastocyst development, and ICM/TE cell allocation among the tested regimens. Because the factors were optimized sequentially, their interactions were not estimated, which represents a limitation of this study. Furthermore, implantation, pregnancy, and calving rates require validation in independent in vivo embryo-transfer experiments.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.",
    "Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xuexiao Song"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tao Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hongxing Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Heqiang Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Baobao Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yanfang Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zheng Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Dexiang Fan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yaochang Wei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Dong Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yongsheng Wang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5a2nvv4rajr9n.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ani16192983",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13663371",
  "id": "5a2nvv4rajr9n",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2615"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882952",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Reproductive Biology and Fertility"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215111768",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13663371?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13663371",
  "pmid": "42882952",
  "published": "2026-09-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5a2nvv4rajr9n.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42882952",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882952"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Reproductive Biology and Fertility",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Optimization of a Bovine Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection System Using Sex-Sorted Sperm: Screening with Slaughterhouse-Derived Oocytes and Validation with Ovum Pick-Up-Derived Oocytes.",
  "title_text": "Optimization of a Bovine Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection System Using Sex-Sorted Sperm: Screening with Slaughterhouse-Derived Oocytes and Validation with Ovum Pick-Up-Derived Oocytes.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5a2nvv4rajr9n",
  "venue": "Animals : an open access journal from MDPI",
  "versions": []
}