{
  "abstract": "This study compared the accuracy of eight velocity-based one-repetition maximum (1RM) estimation methods during the free-weight back squat across sexes. Thirty resistance-trained individuals (fifteen males and fifteen females) completed two sessions involving four submaximal loads followed by actual 1RM attempts. The load-velocity relationship (LVR) was modeled using both multiple-point (40%, 55%, 70%, and 85% 1RM) and two-point (40% and 85% 1RM) methods. Four minimum velocity threshold (MVT) approaches were applied: (a) general MVT (0.30 m·s-1), (b) actual MVT (the velocity at the actual 1RM in session one), (c) individual optimal MVT (the velocity that eliminated the difference between actual and predicted 1RM in session one), and (d) average optimal MVT (average of individual optimal MVTs across both sessions for each sex). Across sexes, only the individual and average optimal MVTs consistently avoided systematic overestimation of 1RM (raw errors ≤ 2.20 kg, p = 0.179-0.938) and produced relatively small absolute errors (4.5%-8.3%) compared with the other MVTs (8.0%-12.4%). Sex did not influence 1RM prediction accuracy (p = 0.636), whereas the LVR model demonstrated a borderline significant effect (p = 0.050). The optimal MVT did not differ between males (0.38 m·s-1) and females (0.36 m·s-1) but demonstrated poor reliability. Therefore, when direct 1RM testing is impractical, we recommend employing the unified value (0.37 m·s-1) as an efficient alternative for approximate 1RM estimation across sexes. However, caution should be exercised when using velocity-based methods to estimate 1RM in the free-weight back squat, as all methods exhibited relatively wide limits of agreement.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Sports Training, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China.",
    "Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.",
    "School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.",
    "Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.",
    "Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.",
    "Rugby Australia, National Rugby Training Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.",
    "Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Dafundo, Portugal.",
    "CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Dafundo, Portugal.",
    "Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuxiong Huang",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-8348-0128"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zongwei Chen",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-8270-616X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jonathon Weakley",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7892-4885"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Afonso Fitas",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4217-2815"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhaoqian Li",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5599-0257"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Danyang Li",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-0008-2907"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Binbin Jia",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4778-1348"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Amador García-Ramos",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0608-8755"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5azvq19gkfm06.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.70254",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13744422",
  "id": "5azvq19gkfm06",
  "issns": [
    "1746-1391",
    "1536-7290"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42998302",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2732|Sports Performance and Training"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225454843",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13744422?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13744422",
  "pmid": "42998302",
  "published": "2026-11-09",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5azvq19gkfm06.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42998302",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42998302"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2732|Sports Performance and Training",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Predicting the Free-Weight Back Squat 1-Repetition Maximum: Comparing Regression Models and Minimum Velocity Thresholds Across Sexes.",
  "title_text": "Predicting the Free-Weight Back Squat 1-Repetition Maximum: Comparing Regression Models and Minimum Velocity Thresholds Across Sexes.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5azvq19gkfm06",
  "venue": "European journal of sport science",
  "versions": []
}