{
  "abstract": "Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV frequently coexist and may interact through shared biological, immunological, and epidemiological pathways. This narrative review examines the biological interactions between HIV, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV), with particular emphasis on mucosal disruption, immune activation, and implications for integrated prevention and care. Evidence indicates that HSV-2-associated genital ulceration and recruitment of HIV-susceptible immune cells may increase HIV acquisition risk, while syphilis-associated systemic immune activation can transiently affect HIV viral load and CD4 cell counts. Persistent HPV infection may also promote inflammatory mucosal environments relevant to HIV susceptibility and HPV-associated disease in people living with HIV. However, evidence from intervention studies demonstrates that biological associations do not necessarily translate into effective HIV prevention through treatment of individual co-infections. Collectively, the evidence supports greater integration of STI screening, treatment, HPV vaccination, cancer screening, and HIV prevention and care, while highlighting important gaps in evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of syndemic-informed integrated interventions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Bamenda, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bambili, Cameroon",
    "Health Organisation Welfare (HOW), Yaoundé, Cameroon",
    "Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India",
    "Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Federal University of Health Sciences Teaching Hospital, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria",
    "Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh",
    "Department of Digital Health, Global Health Focus Africa, Kigali, Rwanda",
    "Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India",
    "Department of Public Health, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon",
    "Florence Nightingale Higher Institute of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bamenda, Cam",
    "School of Pharmacy, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya",
    "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye",
    "Department of Allied and Healthcare Sciences, Lyallpur Khalsa College Technical Campus, Jalandhar, India",
    "Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India",
    "Department of Computing and Informatics, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia",
    "Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Kalyani, West Bengal, India"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Esoh Rene Tanwieh",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-6206-1257"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Kiranjot Kaur"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Uthman Okikiola Adebayo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Rajshreejeet Jayant Bhensdadiya",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-2000-7451"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Misonge Kapnang Ivan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Shey Fortune Ndzi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "John Ricky"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Mohit Paul"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Solomon Gyampoh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Ishmael Gumbo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Amit Pal"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5beenwc65y434.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1177/00368504261492492",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735658/",
  "id": "5beenwc65y434",
  "issns": [
    "0036-8504",
    "2047-7163"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261492492",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214078869",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/history/04624481-5b66-4055-8838-db680140e76b/00368504261492492.42751457.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13735658",
  "pmid": "42775839",
  "published": "2026-09-23",
  "publisher": "SAGE Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5beenwc65y434.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:21:18Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13735658",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261492492"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Sexually transmitted infection syndemic interactions: Biological amplification between HIV, HSV-2, syphilis, and HPV and implications for co-treatment strategies",
  "title_text": "Sexually transmitted infection syndemic interactions: Biological amplification between HIV, HSV-2, syphilis, and HPV and implications for co-treatment strategies",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5beenwc65y434",
  "venue": "Science Progress",
  "versions": []
}