{
  "abstract": "Lead-free ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles with stabilized tetragonal distortion were synthesized via a ligand-assisted sol-gel method to serve as the active piezoelectric phase in high-performance hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) operating with triboelectric synergy. XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis confirmed pseudo-cubic tetragonal BTO nanoparticle, annealed at 900°C (BTO-900, ~54nm) and well-defined tetragonal BTO annealed at 1200°C (BTO-1200, ~104nm). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations confirmed enhanced Ti-O covalency, stronger Ti 3d-O 2p hybridization, narrower HOMO-LUMO gap, and improved dipole coherence in BTO-900, indicating superior ferroelectric polarization, piezoelectric activity, and charge retention. BTO-900-PDMS PENG device generated a high open-circuit voltage of ~100 V and stored ~29 μJ energy, and superior capacitor-charging performance of BTO-900, while the optimized BTO-1200 based device showed a higher power density of ~649 μW cm-2 and short-circuit current of ~181 μA. The superior performance of BTO-900 was attributed to enhanced defect-assisted charge trapping, interfacial polarization, and impedance-controlled charge retention. By coupling the intrinsic piezoelectric response of covalency-engineered tetragonal BTO with triboelectric charge generation at the BTO-PDMS interface, this work establishes nanoparticle size and bonding engineering as an effective route to high-output, lead-free piezoelectric nanogenerators for self-powered electronics.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.08762",
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Shivshankar Jokare"
    },
    {
      "name": "Vikash Kushwaha"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mandar Shirolkar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shruti Kharadkar"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Boomishankar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Smita Chaturvedi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5c45jjd20h40k.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.08762",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5c45jjd20h40k",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08762",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "cond-mat.mtrl-sci"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221062886",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08762",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5c45jjd20h40k.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:27:22Z",
      "native_id": "2610.08762",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08762"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:cond-mat.mtrl-sci",
      "subfield": "condensed-matter"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Small Distortions, Big Polarization: Tetragonal BaTiO3 Nanoparticles for High-Performance Piezoelectric Nanogenerators",
  "title_text": "Small Distortions, Big Polarization: Tetragonal BaTiO3 Nanoparticles for High-Performance Piezoelectric Nanogenerators",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:27:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5c45jjd20h40k",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}