{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nAbnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) may be associated with metabolic and endocrine dysfunction in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but factors associated with newly documented AUB in this population remain incompletely characterized.Objective\n\nTo evaluate clinical and metabolic factors associated with incident AUB among premenopausal women with T2DM.Methods\n\nThis multicenter retrospective cohort study included 150 women aged 18-55 years with established T2DM and no documented AUB at baseline. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables were obtained from records between January 2025 and January 2026. Incident AUB was defined according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criteria. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with study center included in the multivariable model.Results\n\nDuring a median follow-up of 9.2 months, 45 women (30.0%) developed AUB. Women with incident AUB had higher HbA1c (8.8% vs 7.9%; p < 0.001), higher BMI (31.7 vs 28.9 kg/m²; p = 0.002), and longer diabetes duration (9.3 vs 7.1 years; p = 0.010). In multivariable analysis, HbA1c (aHR: 1.48 per 1% increase, 95% CI: 1.19-1.84), BMI (aHR: 1.41 per 5 kg/m² increase, 95% CI: 1.07-1.86), diabetes duration (aHR: 1.29 per five years, 95% CI: 1.01-1.65), and documented PCOS (aHR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.04-3.55) were independently associated with incident AUB. Women with concurrent obesity and HbA1c ≥8.5% had the highest observed adjusted hazard (aHR: 3.68, 95% CI: 1.65-8.23).Conclusion\n\nHigher HbA1c and greater adiposity were consistently associated with incident AUB among women with T2DM. Routine assessment of menstrual symptoms may help identify women who warrant timely gynecological evaluation. These observational findings require confirmation in larger prospective studies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, GBR.",
    "Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, PAK.",
    "Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit One, Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences, Quetta, PAK.",
    "Internal Medicine, Al-Aleem Medical College, Lahore, PAK.",
    "Medicine, Tertiary Care Hospital Nishtar-II, Multan, PAK.",
    "Medicine, Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, Multan, PAK.",
    "Research, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, PAK."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ayisha Ejaz Bhutta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zubia Bugti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rizwana Naz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mamoona Shuja"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Shahid Nawaz Khan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Shoaib Liaquat"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Amina Shahid"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5dp325fqpds41.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7759/cureus.116527",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13678708",
  "id": "5dp325fqpds41",
  "issns": [
    "2168-8184"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42899079",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213668640",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13678708?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13678708",
  "pmid": "42899079",
  "published": "2026-09-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5dp325fqpds41.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42899079",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42899079"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinical and Metabolic Predictors of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.",
  "title_text": "Clinical and Metabolic Predictors of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5dp325fqpds41",
  "venue": "Cureus",
  "versions": []
}