{
  "abstract": "Research increasingly demonstrates that endogenous bacterial communities (microbiomes) are associated with both cognitive functioning and socioeconomic status (SES). In this study, we used a metagenomics approach to characterize oral microbiome diversity in Hispanic and African American children aged 6–16 years. We examined how microbiome composition and SES were related to cognitive performance, as assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Our findings indicate that SES and the microbiome contributed complementary, comparably sized influences on cognitive functioning. Together, variability in conventional SES indicators and microbiome composition accounted for approximately 10% of the variability in WISC scores. These results highlight the importance of integrating both social and biological determinants of health when studying cognitive performance and other psychological outcomes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America.",
    "Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences RAS, Moscow, Russia.",
    "Hewlett Packard Enterprise Data Science Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America.",
    "Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, United States of America.",
    "Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America.",
    "Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.",
    "Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America."
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Oxana Y Naumova",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0889-526X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pavel V Dobrynin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Griffin Litwin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sergey Y Rychkov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Michael P Milham"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Elena L Grigorenko",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9646-4181"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5dttqj4g7qpc0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361602",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13726965",
  "id": "5dttqj4g7qpc0",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361602",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Anatomy"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Bacteria"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Biochemistry"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Biology and Life Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Body Fluids"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Ecology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Ecology and Environmental Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Ecosystems"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Genetics"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Genomics"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Gut Bacteria"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Health Care"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Medical Microbiology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Medicine and Health Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Metabolic Pathways"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Metabolism"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Microbial Ecosystems"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Microbial Genomics"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Microbiology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Microbiome"
    ],
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      "heading",
      "Neisseria"
    ],
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      "Organisms"
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      "openalex",
      "3506|Oral microbiology and periodontitis research"
    ],
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Saliva"
    ],
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Metabolism/Metabolic pathways"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Ecology/Ecosystems/Microbial ecosystems"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Genetics/Genomics/Microbial genomics/Microbiome"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbiome"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Microbial genomics/Microbiome"
    ],
    [
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Gut bacteria"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Neisseria"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Body fluids/Saliva"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Ecology and environmental sciences/Ecology/Ecosystems/Microbial ecosystems"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Saliva"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Health care/Socioeconomic aspects of health"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health/Behavioral and social aspects of health"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health/Socioeconomic aspects of health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225080662",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13726965?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13726965",
  "pmid": "42970519",
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5dttqj4g7qpc0.ris",
  "sources": [
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  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "heading:Metabolism",
      "subfield": "enzymology-metabolism"
    },
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:ecology",
      "subfield": "ecology"
    },
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "heading:Genetics",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
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    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:microbiology",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
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    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:anatomy",
      "subfield": "physiology"
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  ],
  "title": "Salivary microbiome, socioeconomic status, and cognitive performance: Triangulating the relationship",
  "title_text": "Salivary microbiome, socioeconomic status, and cognitive performance: Triangulating the relationship",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:22:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5dttqj4g7qpc0",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}