{
  "abstract": "Purpose: The Refraction Technique course is central to optometric education, yet traditional teaching methods often fail to prepare students for real-world clinical complexity. Following traditional instruction, students underwent an experiential learning intervention that integrated real patients into the Refraction Technique course. Kolb’s experiential learning theory provided a framework through a cyclical process of concrete experience, reflection, conceptualization, and experimentation.\n\nPatients and Methods: A longitudinal pre–post intervention study without a concurrent control group was conducted at a single-centre among 85 undergraduate optometry students in China. Following identical systematic theoretical training and supervised peer-simulation delivered by the same instructors, students participated in a Kolb-based experiential learning intervention. This involved performing a full subjective refraction examination on a screened, non-optometry student volunteer within 60 minutes, followed by structured small-group discussions and individual reflective reports requiring concrete action plans. Outcomes were measured in two domains: students’ perceptions of their course experience, assessed with the Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and clinical skill performance, assessed with a skill assessment. Both were administered before the intervention and after completion of the reflective reports.\n\nResults: After the intervention, students showed significant improvements in all CEQ dimensions (all p<0.001), including Overall Course Experience, Clear Goals and Standards, and Appropriate Learning Tasks. Skill assessment total scores also increased significantly (median: 81.00 to 87.00, p<0.001), with notable gains in procedural completeness/sequencing, standardization of instrument operation (p=0.004), communication clarity, and overall clinical competence (all p<0.001). The accuracy of examination results did not show a significant change (p=0.072).\n\nConclusion: In this single-centre pre–post study, real-patient integration was associated with better course experience and clinical performance, though not examination accuracy. Campus volunteers offer a feasible, low-cost training resource, pending confirmation in controlled studies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350000, People’s Republic of China",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Quanzhou Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, People’s Republic of China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luoming Huang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8348-9176"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yan Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yinhe Chen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5f6t6j65yxygc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/amep.s646416",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13729868/",
  "id": "5f6t6j65yxygc",
  "issns": [
    "1179-7258"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3304|Innovations in Medical Education"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224969786",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121602",
  "pmcid": "PMC13729868",
  "pmid": "42979160",
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Dove Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5f6t6j65yxygc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:22:35Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13729868",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:2739|Innovations in Medical Education",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Kolb-Based Experiential Learning: Impact of Real-Patient Integration on Refraction Skills and Course Experience Among Undergraduate Optometry Students",
  "title_text": "Kolb-Based Experiential Learning: Impact of Real-Patient Integration on Refraction Skills and Course Experience Among Undergraduate Optometry Students",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:22:35Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5f6t6j65yxygc",
  "venue": "Advances in Medical Education and Practice",
  "versions": []
}