{
  "abstract": "The Damage-Response Framework (DRF) provides a conceptual model for understanding the pathogenesis of parasitic infections by distinguishing biological infection from clinical infectious disease. Rather than viewing parasite virulence as an intrinsic property, the DRF proposes that disease results from dynamic host-parasite interactions, with host damage determined by the magnitude and quality of the immune response. Both insufficient immune responses, permitting parasite proliferation, and excessive inflammation, causing immunopathology, can lead to disease. Using representative examples, including Blastocystis spp. Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichinella spiralis, this review illustrates how similar parasites produce diverse clinical manifestations depending on host immune status, parasite characteristics, and environmental factors. The DRF also highlights the importance of host damage as a unifying endpoint that explains disease heterogeneity across parasitic infections. Integrating this framework into parasitology provides a foundation for developing mechanism-based diagnostics, immunomodulatory therapies, and personalized intervention strategies while identifying priorities for future translational medicine.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.",
    "Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms (CERMM), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.",
    "Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.",
    "Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.",
    "CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.",
    "Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kritsada Pruksaphon",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1391-7163"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nopawit Khamto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Artid Amsri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Maria de Lourdes Pereira"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Joshua D Nosanchuk",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9905-5754"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Sirida Youngchim",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9013-0543"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5f84c64t0xa96.bib",
  "cited_by": 3,
  "doi": "10.1080/21505594.2026.2732345",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13577248",
  "id": "5f84c64t0xa96",
  "issns": [
    "2150-5594",
    "2150-5608"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42848841",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2405|Parasites and Host Interactions"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7117459938",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13577248?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13577248",
  "pmid": "42848841",
  "published": "2026-09-14",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5f84c64t0xa96.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42848841",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42848841"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2405|Parasites and Host Interactions",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Manipulation of host response and trajectory of parasite survival: A damage-response framework perspective.",
  "title_text": "Manipulation of host response and trajectory of parasite survival: A damage-response framework perspective.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5f84c64t0xa96",
  "venue": "Virulence",
  "versions": []
}