{ "abstract": "Introduction: Incidence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) has increased globally; however, data from Latin America remain scarce. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic and clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment modalities, survival outcomes, and prognostic factors of GEP-NENs in a 15-year single-center cohort at a national referral cancer center in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective, hospital-based cohort study. Patients diagnosed with GEP-NENs at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) were included from 2009 to 2024, and tumors were classified according to the 2019 WHO Classification of GEP-NENs. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using the log-rank test. Prognostic factors were identified through Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Three hundred sixty-eight patients were included. The median age at diagnosis was 57 years, with a female predominance (56.2%). Most patients presented with an ECOG performance status of 0–1 (96.5%), and among patients with available disease-extent information, 64.7% had non-metastatic disease. The majority of tumors were well-differentiated (neuroendocrine tumors [NETs]) (84.2%), while 15.8% were poorly differentiated (neuroendocrine carcinomas [NECs]). The most common primary tumor sites included the rectum (39.1%), stomach (19.8%), and pancreas (18.8%). With a median follow-up of 61.9 months, the 5-year OS rate was 52%. NETs exhibited longer OS than NECs, with 5-year OS rates of 65% and 8%, respectively (log-rank p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, metastatic disease (aHR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.63–4.20; p < 0.001) and poorly differentiated histology (aHR: 4.36, 95% CI: 2.59–7.31; p < 0.001) were independently associated with worse overall survival, whereas surgery (aHR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.15–0.41; p < 0.001) and systemic treatment (aHR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.31–0.92; p = 0.024) were associated with improved overall survival. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that GEP-NENs represent a highly heterogeneous group of neoplasms with substantial variability in clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes. Most patients in our cohort had well-differentiated NETs and favorable long-term survival. These findings support the need for comprehensive national registries and multicenter collaborative studies to validate our results and better characterize GEP-NENs in underrepresented Latin American populations.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru", "Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru", "Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru" ], "article_type": "Research Article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 15, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Wagner Eduardo Cruz-Diaz" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Juan Haro-Varas" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Daniel Enriquez-Vera" }, { "name": "Gabriel De la Cruz Ku" }, { "name": "Nattaly Torres-Valdivia" }, { "name": "Víctor Paitán Amaro" }, { "name": "Alexandra Saavedra" }, { "name": "Alejandro Merubia" }, { "name": "Angela Leonardo Carbajal" }, { "name": "Jackeline Macetas Núñez" }, { "name": "Eder Veramendi Cabana" }, { "name": "Cristian Pacheco Román" }, { "name": "Mónica Calderón Anticona" }, { "name": "Tatiana Vidaurre Rojas" }, { "name": "Victor Castro-Oliden" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5g2582ek6dav8.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361867", "fulltext_url": null, "id": "5g2582ek6dav8", "issns": [ "1932-6203" ], "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361867", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "journal", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Clinical medicine/Clinical oncology/Surgical oncology" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine/Cancer detection and diagnosis" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Gastroenterology and hepatology/Gastrointestinal cancers" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Basic cancer research/Metastasis" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancer detection and diagnosis" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancer treatment" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancer treatment/Surgical oncology" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Differentiated tumors" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Malignant tumors" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Clinical oncology/Surgical oncology" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Metastasis" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Surgical and invasive medical procedures" ] ], "openalex": null, "pdf_url": null, "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-11-05", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5g2582ek6dav8.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:20:42Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361867", "source": "plos", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361867" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:oncology", "subfield": "oncology" } ], "title": "Clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms in Peru: A 15-year retrospective cohort study", "title_text": "Clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms in Peru: A 15-year retrospective cohort study", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:20:24Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5g2582ek6dav8", "venue": "PLOS One", "versions": [] }