{
  "abstract": "The nasal mucosa is an important site of influenza virus entry and early replication, yet approved antivirals are not designed for nasal delivery. This Review summarizes antiviral strategies suitable for nasal administration and evaluates animal and human-relevant models for their development. We discuss route-specific formulation and regulatory requirements and propose a translational framework integrating in vitro, ex vivo and microphysiological systems with targeted in vivo studies to reduce animal use.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.",
    "University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.",
    "Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbrücken, Germany.",
    "MucosaTec GmbH, Schiffweiler, Germany.",
    "PharmaScienceHub, Saarbrücken, Germany.",
    "Technische Universität Berlin, Institute for Biotechnology, Applied Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.",
    "University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany. Marius.Hittinger@Mucosatec.de.",
    "MucosaTec GmbH, Schiffweiler, Germany. Marius.Hittinger@Mucosatec.de.",
    "PharmBioTec GmbH, Schiffweiler, Germany. Marius.Hittinger@Mucosatec.de.",
    "Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany. Daniel.Lauster@FU-Berlin.de."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jolly Thomas",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-7360-4431"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Christoph André Nilius"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Leon Matis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Sabrina Schnur",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3500-6819"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Anja Himmelstein",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3353-356X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Armin Walter Novak",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-2556-2950"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jens Kurreck",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1469-0052"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Marius Hittinger",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2018-7688"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Christian Lauster",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2009-633X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5g671pd19n89v.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s44298-026-00255-9",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13728137",
  "id": "5g671pd19n89v",
  "issns": [
    "2948-1767"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42972013",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Influenza Virus Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225122138",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13728137?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13728137",
  "pmid": "42972013",
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5g671pd19n89v.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:43Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42972013",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42972013"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:23:52Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13728137",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44298-026-00255-9"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Influenza Virus Research Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Towards anti-influenza nasal sprays: infection models and opportunities to reduce animal testing.",
  "title_text": "Towards anti-influenza nasal sprays: infection models and opportunities to reduce animal testing.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:21:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5g671pd19n89v",
  "venue": "Npj viruses",
  "versions": []
}