{
  "abstract": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive strategy. However, variation in immune response after immunization has been observed among individuals. vitamin D plays a crucial role in immune regulation through activation of the VDR, which is expressed on various immune cells. The role of vitamin D status in post-vaccination immune responses among COVID-19 patients has gained increasing scientific interest. This narrative review evaluates the immunomodulatory roles of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and serum vitamin D status in COVID-19 patients following vaccination, with particular emphasis on immune mechanisms, inflammatory regulation, and vaccine-induced immune responses. The relevant literature concerning vitamin D, VDR signaling, COVID-19 infection, vaccination, and immune responses was comprehensively reviewed. Emphasis was placed on studies discussing immune modulation, cytokine regulation, and antibody responses. Current evidence suggests that adequate serum vitamin D status may support both innate and adaptive immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination. Activation of the VDR regulates T-cell differentiation, modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and supports humoral immune responses. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with impaired vaccine responsiveness and persistent systemic inflammation. Vitamin D and VDR-mediated signaling pathways appear to play important roles in regulating immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination. Maintaining optimal vitamin D levels may help improve vaccine-induced immunity and reduce excessive inflammatory responses.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Central Research Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostic, Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha 442001, Maharashtra, India"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jaishriram Rathored",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6075-7505"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sandesh Shende",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7557-4226"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5jdjfzaxyqx6w.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27209354",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5jdjfzaxyqx6w",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9354",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2734|Vitamin D Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223368032",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5jdjfzaxyqx6w.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27209354",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9354"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2734|Vitamin D Research Studies",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D Receptors and Serum Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Patients After Immunization: A Narrative Review",
  "title_text": "Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D Receptors and Serum Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Patients After Immunization: A Narrative Review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5jdjfzaxyqx6w",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}