{
  "abstract": "The detailed evolution of triple star systems is complicated and poorly known. Using archived optical/infrared and $γ$-ray data, we identified the pulsar PSR~J0435+3233 as a $γ$-ray pulsar in a hierarchical triple system, with a helium white dwarf (WD) as a close inner binary companion and a Sun-like star as the distant tertiary. PSR~J0435+3233 and the WD companion are in a circular orbit with a period of $P_{\\rm orb1} = 8.0$~days and an eccentricity of $e=0.00016$. The tertiary is a G-type subgiant with a mass of $0.98(12) M_\\odot$ at a distance of $2.1(4)$ kpc from the Earth. By simultaneously fitting the observed spin-period variations of the $γ$-ray emission (over 16.7 years) and radio emission (over 4.9 years) from PSR~J0435+3233, the changes in the inner orbital parameters, the Shapiro delay, Gaia astrometry, and the outer companion mass, we determined the outer elliptical orbit for the tertiary, with a period $P_{\\rm orb2} = 73.5$~yrs and an eccentricity $e_2 = 0.598$. The outer orbit is either nearly perpendicular to the inner orbit with a mutual inclination of $\\sim 85^\\circ$, or moderately inclined by $\\sim 54^\\circ$. For the former geometry, the pulsar, the WD, and the tertiary star have masses of $1.16(5) M_\\odot$, $0.273(8) M_\\odot$, and $0.91(5) M_\\odot$, respectively; for the latter geometry, the corresponding masses are $1.34(15) M_\\odot$, $0.305(23) M_\\odot$, and $1.13(7) M_\\odot$. This is a unique triple system for detailed multi-band observations and for studying the evolutionary path and dynamic processes of a primordial triple star system. It will ultimately evolve into a system consisting of a neutron star and two white dwarfs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "Journal reference: 2026,ApJL,1010,L9",
  "arxiv": "2608.01227",
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Z. L. Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. L. Han"
    },
    {
      "name": "Y. Yan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bin Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Y. L. Guo"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. K. Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bo Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "W. M. Gu"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. H. Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. N. Fu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5jggc5tdq68sx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2608.01227",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5jggc5tdq68sx",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.01227",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.HE"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.01227",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5jggc5tdq68sx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:28:36Z",
      "native_id": "2608.01227",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.01227"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.HE",
      "subfield": "high-energy-astrophysics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The PSR J0435+3233 Triple System",
  "title_text": "The PSR J0435+3233 Triple System",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:28:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5jggc5tdq68sx",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.3847/2041-8213/aeaa29",
      "pid": "b1vkq5zc82x6g",
      "relation": "published-as",
      "title": "The PSR J0435+3233 Triple System",
      "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal Letters"
    }
  ]
}