{
  "abstract": "This study presents a revised framework for screening and optimizing local Metro and BRT transfer connections in Isfahan using a state-separated passenger network, fixed-OD evaluation, explicit transfer screening, and ant-colony-based search. The formulation prevents implicit intermodal switching and holds the OD matrix constant between baseline and intervention networks, thereby separating modeled network-design effects from demand regeneration. Because the available empirical demand information does not provide a complete observed spatial OD matrix, the gravity deterrence coefficient is treated as a sensitivity parameter rather than as an empirically calibrated behavioral coefficient. Coordinate and network screening retained 29 feasible transfer candidates. Candidate 22, a 249.2 m pedestrian connection, produced the largest modeled improvement in the central case. System passenger generalized cost decreased from 6,265,519.636 to 6,258,241.797 passenger-min, a reduction of 7,277.839 passenger-min (0.116157%). Exhaustive evaluation of all 406 candidate pairs and targeted triple screening found no additional benefit beyond the best single link. I-ACO, standard ACO, and greedy search identified the same one-link solution, although the fast benchmark does not establish statistical superiority of any stochastic algorithm. Given the small system-wide effect and limitations in observed OD validation, route-choice behavior, and service-parameter calibration, the result is interpreted as a localized model-based screening outcome that requires empirical and site-level validation before implementation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Navid Nakhaie"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ali Naderan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shahriar Afandizadeh Zargari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hooman Rahimi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5k7rcp6pz8rc5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-74249-1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5k7rcp6pz8rc5",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74249-1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3313|Transportation Planning and Optimization"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221668004",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74249-1_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5k7rcp6pz8rc5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-74249-1",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74249-1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Optimizing metro and BRT transfer design in Isfahan using passenger generalized cost and ant colony optimization",
  "title_text": "Optimizing metro and BRT transfer design in Isfahan using passenger generalized cost and ant colony optimization",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5k7rcp6pz8rc5",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}