{
  "abstract": "Formic acid is a promising renewable C1 feedstock and a safe liquid precursor for on-demand carbon monoxide (CO) production. However, selective dehydration of formic acid to CO remains challenging because solid acid catalysts generally require high temperatures and suffer from competing dehydrogenation and water-induced inhibition of acid sites. Here, we report the selective dehydration of formic acid over a poly(m-phenolsulfonic acid–formaldehyde) (PAFR II) catalyst under microwave irradiation. PAFR II afforded CO in 65% yield at 120 C without detectable formation of hydrogen or carbon dioxide. The catalyst was reused three times while maintaining selective CO formation. PAFR II showed stable catalytic activity during continuousflow dehydration, exhibiting a CO productivity of 31–37 mmol g-1 h-1. This activity was higher than that of previously reported solid acid catalysts operating at or below 150 °C. The resulting CO was directly used for the alkoxycarbonylation of iodobenzene to afford propyl benzoate in 92% yield, demonstrating the practical applicability of this system as an on-demand CO source. Water-addition experiments showed that adsorbed water strongly inhibited dehydration. Microwave electric-field irradiation afforded substantially higher activity than magnetic-field irradiation and conventional heating. Fourier-transform infrared difference spectroscopy and phase-resolved modulation infrared spectroscopy revealed reversible changes in adsorbed water around the sulfonic acid moieties under microwave irradiation. These results suggest that the microwave electric field dynamically modulates the hydration structure around the acid sites, temporarily increasing their accessibility to formic acid.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science",
    "Center for Energy Systems Design (CESD",
    "Kyushu University",
    "Faculty of Engineering",
    "Chubu University",
    "Graduate School of Urban Environmental Science",
    "Tokyo Metropolitan University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hidenori Nishio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aya Ohno"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nobutaka Maeda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Abbas B. Askari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Keiichiro Kashimura"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Takeshi Miyata"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Tetsuya Shishido"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Takeyuki Nogami"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Yuga Ezoe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yoichi M. A. Yamada",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3901-5926"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5kn2tkrsptx8k.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15008639/v1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5kn2tkrsptx8k",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008639/v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1605|Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212194562",
  "pdf_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008639/v1",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-10",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5kn2tkrsptx8k.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:19Z",
      "native_id": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15008639",
      "source": "chemrxiv",
      "url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008639/v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1605|Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Applications",
      "subfield": "organic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Microwave electric field-induced dynamic hydration enables selected dehydration of formic acid over a poly(m-phenolsulfonic acid–formaldehyde Catalyst",
  "title_text": "Microwave electric field-induced dynamic hydration enables selected dehydration of formic acid over a poly(m-phenolsulfonic acid–formaldehyde Catalyst",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5kn2tkrsptx8k",
  "venue": "ChemRxiv",
  "versions": []
}