{
  "abstract": "Background/objectives\n\nSalivary-gland biopsy is central to Sjögren's disease (SjD) assessment, but conventional measures incompletely capture glandular heterogeneity. This systematic review evaluated artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) applications to SjD salivary-gland histopathology and molecular profiling, including biological and translational validation.Methods\n\nPubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched. Eligible studies used salivary-gland tissue as the primary analytical substrate or provided substantive glandular validation of systemic AI/ML findings. Evidence was synthesized functionally because of methodological heterogeneity.Results\n\nTwenty-five studies were included. AI/ML identified histopathological and molecular phenotypes spanning immune/interferon activation, tissue architecture and immune-cell organization, epithelial stress and metabolic/cell-death remodeling, and translational response. Only a limited subset progressed beyond computational or tissue-level confirmation to functional perturbation, pharmacological testing, in vivo validation, or human treatment-response assessment. Recurrent public-dataset reuse, small cohorts, heterogeneous pipelines, and limited independent validation constrained reproducibility.Conclusions\n\nAI/ML supports multidimensional SjD glandular phenotyping and shows emerging translational potential, but demonstrated clinical or therapeutic utility remains unestablished. Prospective multicenter validation is required before AI-derived glandular phenotypes can inform routine patient stratification or therapeutic decision-making.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India.",
    "Biomedical Stomatology Research Group, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín 050010, Colombia.",
    "Faculty of Dentistry, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Medellín 050040, Colombia."
  ],
  "article_type": "systematic review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Carlos M Ardila",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3663-1416"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Eliana Pineda-Vélez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2431-7489"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Anny M Vivares-Builes",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8631-4910"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5mk0x5wj19d2v.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/medsci14060677",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707011",
  "id": "5mk0x5wj19d2v",
  "issns": [
    "2076-3271"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930596",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2737|Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222140865",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707011?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707011",
  "pmid": "42930596",
  "published": "2026-10-15",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5mk0x5wj19d2v.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42930596",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930596"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2737|Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "AI-Guided Histopathological and Molecular Phenotyping of Salivary Glands in Sjögren's Disease: Subtyping, Mechanistic Insights, and Translational Implications-A Systematic Review and Structured Functional Synthesis.",
  "title_text": "AI-Guided Histopathological and Molecular Phenotyping of Salivary Glands in Sjögren's Disease: Subtyping, Mechanistic Insights, and Translational Implications-A Systematic Review and Structured Functional Synthesis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5mk0x5wj19d2v",
  "venue": "Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}