{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nThis study assessed final-year veterinary students' knowledge and attitudes regarding antimicrobial use (AMU), antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).Methods\n\nStudents were invited to complete an online semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 907 participants from 7 countries and 43 veterinary educational establishments (VEEs) completed the questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The total knowledge and attitude scores for each student were calculated, and a general average was obtained.Results\n\nAMR was mostly taught as an addendum under the core subjects of microbiology and pharmacology. Students exhibited low AMS knowledge scores (mean score 32.1 ± 22.7), but higher scores for positive attitudes towards reducing AMR (64.2 ± 25.2). Only 6.6% could name at least one national regulation guiding AMU in their countries, while 30-50% of the students knew that antibiotics were inappropriate for various viral infections. About 42% considered it acceptable to use antimicrobials for growth promotion and prophylaxis. Students exhibited positive attitudes towards using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and 50.1% considered improved veterinary education very important for reducing AMR. Multivariate analyses determined that students' countries of origin were significantly associated with their knowledge and attitudes; for example, Nigerian students were more likely to have good knowledge than Egyptian students, (aOR: 2.372, 95% CI:1.085 - 5.551), while Indian students were less likely (aOR: 0.144, 95% CI: 0.063 - 0.343).Discussion\n\nGreater curricula emphasis should be placed on national and international AMS guidelines. Concepts related to AMR and AMS may be better retained if taught as a standalone module. Further studies should be conducted across countries where students have greater knowledge to evaluate curricula and potentially highlight replicable models for the inclusion of AMR and AMS.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom.",
    "Department of Animal Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.",
    "Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru, India.",
    "Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye.",
    "Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonoses and Sanitary Regulation, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, University Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.",
    "Division of Global Agriculture and Food System, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Midlothian, United Kingdom.",
    "Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria.",
    "Department of Geography and Sociology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom.",
    "GBADs, Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Midlothian, United Kingdom.",
    "Biotechnology Research Innovation Council, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India.",
    "School of Design, LCC, University of the Arts London, London, United Kingdom.",
    "Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.",
    "Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.",
    "Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Egyptian Chinese University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.",
    "Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.",
    "Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Türkiye.",
    "Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 22,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mahmoud Eltholth"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jadesola Juliana Ajao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Shrikrishna Isloor"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ismail Ayoade Odetokun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ali Raza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Médiha Khamassi Khbou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dominic Moran"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ilhem Zouyed",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9270-9161"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer Cole"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan Rushton"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Nagendra R Hegde"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Alison Prendiville"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Ghazal Nabil"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Uduak Akpabio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Shuaibu Gidado Adamu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Mary Idowu Olasoju"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Eman Ahmed Abo Elfadl"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mehmet Cemal Adiguzel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17
      ],
      "name": "Selim Adewale Alarape"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        18
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Akbar Shahid"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        19
      ],
      "name": "Roshan Riaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        20
      ],
      "name": "Nicola Williams"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5na4t5s9gvsw4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fvets.2026.1957292",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13681828",
  "id": "5na4t5s9gvsw4",
  "issns": [
    "2297-1769"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42904086",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2402|Antibiotic Use and Resistance"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7220694696",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13681828?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13681828",
  "pmid": "42904086",
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5na4t5s9gvsw4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:57Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42904086",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42904086"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2402|Antibiotic Use and Resistance",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Knowledge and attitudes toward antimicrobial use, resistance, and stewardship among final-year veterinary students: a multinational cross-sectional survey.",
  "title_text": "Knowledge and attitudes toward antimicrobial use, resistance, and stewardship among final-year veterinary students: a multinational cross-sectional survey.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5na4t5s9gvsw4",
  "venue": "Frontiers in veterinary science",
  "versions": []
}