{
  "abstract": "Background and aims\n\nType 2 diabetes imposes a considerable psychological burden on older adults, including elevated diabetes distress and diminished psychological well-being. Social support may buffer the harmful mental-health effects of chronic disease-related stress, yet whether it moderates the link between diabetes distress and psychological well-being remains rarely examined among older Iranian adults with type 2 diabetes. This protocol aims to determine the moderating role of social support in that relationship in this population.Methods\n\nThis descriptive-analytic cross-sectional protocol will recruit 300 adults aged 60 years or above with type 2 diabetes from the Bandar Abbas Diabetes Clinic through simple random sampling from the clinic electronic registry. Trained interviewers will administer a demographic and clinical form, the age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, the PAID-5 (diabetes distress), the MSSS-5 (social support), and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index in person or by telephone using identical structured interviews. Hierarchical multiple regression will test the diabetes distress by social support interaction on WHO-5 scores, in an unadjusted model and a model adjusted for a pre-specified demographic and clinical covariate set, with heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors, bootstrapped confidence intervals, and simple-slopes and Johnson-Neyman probing. Missing data will be handled with multiple imputation. Analyses will use IBM SPSS Statistics version 28 with two-sided tests at α = 0.05.Results\n\nAs a protocol, no empirical results are reported. The completed study will yield estimates of diabetes distress, social support, and psychological well-being levels, their bivariate associations, and the moderation effect with appropriate uncertainty quantification.Conclusion\n\nThe findings are expected to provide a scientific basis for nursing and psychosocial interventions that strengthen social support networks to protect the psychological well-being of older adults with type 2 diabetes. Ethical approval has been obtained (IR.HUMS.REC.1405.013); written or audio-recorded verbal informed consent will be obtained from all participants.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Mother and Child Welfare Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran.",
    "Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elham Imani",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3957-3343"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Matin Roosta-Ye Abkenar",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9121-0000"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5nxp5tsn5p0r4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/hsr2.73427",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13711251",
  "id": "5nxp5tsn5p0r4",
  "issns": [
    "2398-8835"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948534",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Methods Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes Management and Education"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223798559",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13711251?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13711251",
  "pmid": "42948534",
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5nxp5tsn5p0r4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42948534",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948534"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:03Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13711251",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.73427"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Diabetes Management and Education",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The Moderating Role of Social Support in the Relationship Between Diabetes Distress and Psychological Well-Being Among Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study Protocol.",
  "title_text": "The Moderating Role of Social Support in the Relationship Between Diabetes Distress and Psychological Well-Being Among Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study Protocol.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:03Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5nxp5tsn5p0r4",
  "venue": "Health science reports",
  "versions": []
}