{
  "abstract": "Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections and remains a major cause of morbidity, catheter blockage, and repeated device replacement during long-term catheterization. This narrative review examines the interfacial processes that contribute to urinary catheter failure, including protein adsorption, microbial adhesion, biofilm formation, encrustation, and swarming-associated blockage, and evaluates how zwitterionic surface coatings may address these challenges. Drawing primarily on urinary catheter-specific studies, together with adjacent zwitterionic biomaterials literature where relevant to catheter design, this review synthesizes current coating strategies with emphasis on protein repellence, lubrication, biocompatibility, multifunctionalization, interface-specific design requirements, architectural trade-offs between hydrogel-like and brush-like coatings, and approaches to improve coating durability. The review also considers translation, including interim human evidence for zwitterion-treated urinary catheters, while recognizing that these data remain conference-reported and product-specific. Overall, zwitterionic coatings should be viewed not as a single antifouling solution, but as a versatile biomaterials platform for engineering multifunctional, durable, and clinically translatable urinary catheters. However, their long-term stability, resistance to complex biofilm and encrustation processes, and clinical efficacy require further validation. To define these remaining validation needs, the review compares PC-, SB-, and CB-based systems, stratifies evidence by model and duration, reports quantitative coating data where available, and identifies validation requirements across the product lifecycle.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Queen’s University Belfast , , Lisburn Road , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chenghao Yao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhengda Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sixu Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuai Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3243-5490"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5nzyc2jjbm98d.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.6c07621",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688503",
  "id": "5nzyc2jjbm98d",
  "issns": [
    "2470-1343"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/41/62340/5448392/Zwitterionic-Coatings-for-Urinary-Catheters",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2508|Polymer Surface Interaction Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221069645",
  "pdf_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.6c07621",
  "pmcid": "PMC13688503",
  "pmid": "42923377",
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5nzyc2jjbm98d.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:39Z",
      "native_id": "10.1021/acsomega.6c07621",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/41/62340/5448392/Zwitterionic-Coatings-for-Urinary-Catheters"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42923377",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42923377"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2508|Polymer Surface Interaction Studies",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Zwitterionic Coatings for Urinary Catheters: Current Progress, Design Principles and Translational Challenges",
  "title_text": "Zwitterionic Coatings for Urinary Catheters: Current Progress, Design Principles and Translational Challenges",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5nzyc2jjbm98d",
  "venue": "ACS Omega",
  "versions": []
}