{
  "abstract": "This study develops and comparatively evaluates three fully renewable hydrogen-EV refueling station configurations powered by PV-only, wind-only, and hybrid PV-wind systems. A Grey Wolf Optimizer was coupled with an 8760-h chronological simulation to jointly determine renewable-generation capacity, electrolyzer size, and hydrogen-storage capacity while enforcing zero electrical and hydrogen supply shortages. The wind-only configuration achieved the lowest techno-economic indicators, requiring 1250 kW of wind capacity, a 594.29 kW electrolyzer, and 621.35 kg H ₂ storage, with an NPC of $3.77 million, LCOE of $0.16/kWh, and LCOH of $6.73/kg-H ₂ . The hybrid PV-wind system combined 393.68 kW PV and 950 kW wind with a 552.89 kW electrolyzer and 542.05 kg storage, achieving an NPC of $3.92 million, LCOE of $0.17/kWh, and LCOH of $6.99/kg-H ₂ . The PV-only configuration required 1622.98 kW PV, a 999.72 kW electrolyzer, and 1869.11 kg storage, resulting in a $6.67 million NPC, $0.30/kWh LCOE, and $11.89/kg-H ₂ LCOH. All scenarios achieved LPSP = 0 and LHSP = 0. The results demonstrate that renewable-source selection strongly affects system sizing, storage requirements, and lifecycle economics, while the hybrid configuration provides a diversified supply architecture with reduced dependence on fuel-cell support.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Ahmad Bilal Ahmadullah"
    },
    {
      "name": "Abdinasir Ahmed Abdirahman"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ehab S. Ali"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sahar M. Abd Elazim"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bashir Ahmad Karimi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ahmad Shah Irshad"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammad Azim Eirgash"
    },
    {
      "name": "Abdul Habib Zaray"
    },
    {
      "name": "Najibullah Wali"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5pfhx7s6bv1pr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-77628-w",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5pfhx7s6bv1pr",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77628-w",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2102|Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224128744",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5pfhx7s6bv1pr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:34Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-77628-w",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77628-w"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Grey wolf optimization of renewable hydrogen and electric vehicle refueling stations using pv wind and hybrid energy systems",
  "title_text": "Grey wolf optimization of renewable hydrogen and electric vehicle refueling stations using pv wind and hybrid energy systems",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5pfhx7s6bv1pr",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}