{
  "abstract": "This study investigated the relationship between muscle strength and tennis performance, assessed using the International Tennis Number (ITN) on-court test, operationalized as point-based outcomes (total points and subcomponent points), in young female tennis players aged under 12 (U12) and under 14 (U14). Thirty-three players underwent a comprehensive evaluation including ITN testing, general strength tests (handgrip strength, flexed arm hang, and tennis-ball throw), isometric upper-limb muscle strength, and sense of force assessment. Results demonstrated significantly higher ITN scores and muscle strength in the U14 group, with differences largely attributable to body size and training experience. Correlation analyses revealed age-specific patterns: in U12 players, ITN scores were associated primarily with general strength measures, whereas in U14 players, they were more strongly linked to joint-specific upper-limb strength and neuromuscular characteristics. Sense of force did not differ between groups, though correlations with ITN varied depending on age and joint function. These findings suggest that, in this sample, performance in younger players was more closely associated with general strength measures, whereas in older players it was more closely associated with joint-specific upper-limb strength.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, Łomża, Poland",
    "Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland",
    "Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tomasz Waldziński"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aleksandra Durzyńska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Bartłomiej Niespodziński"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jan Mieszkowski"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ewa Waldzińska"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andrzej Kochanowicz"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5qgqhvqjesead.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0362183",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5qgqhvqjesead",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362183",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2732|Sports Performance and Training"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body limbs"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body limbs/Arms/Elbow"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Skeletal joints"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biomechanics/Hand strength"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Behavior/Recreation/Sports"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Sports science/Sports"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Body limbs"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Body limbs/Arms/Elbow"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Skeletal joints"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Cerebrovascular diseases/Stroke"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Neurology/Cerebrovascular diseases/Stroke"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Vascular medicine/Stroke"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Motion/Torque"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Bioassays and physiological analysis/Muscle analysis"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Behavior/Recreation/Sports"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W4416666633",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5qgqhvqjesead.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:20:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0362183",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362183"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:anatomy",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Various aspects of upper-limb muscle strength and tennis performance: A comparative study of U12 and U14 female tennis players",
  "title_text": "Various aspects of upper-limb muscle strength and tennis performance: A comparative study of U12 and U14 female tennis players",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:20:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5qgqhvqjesead",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}