{
  "abstract": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading global public health issue, with an estimated 50–60 million people affected annually. TBI is the primary cause of death and disability among young individuals, and nearly half the world’s population is expected to experience a TBI at some point in their lives. Most TBIs are classified as mild, but even mild injuries can have significant long-term effects. Mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (mRTBI), involving multiple TBIs over time and often seen in contact sports athletes and military personnel, leads to cumulative neurological damage and a higher risk of chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). These repetitive injuries are associated with more severe and persistent cognitive, behavioral, and emotional disturbances than a single TBI.The pathophysiology of mRTBI is multifactorial, involving primary and secondary injury mechanisms including overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of neuronal membrane integrity, excitatory neurotransmitter release, and microglial activation. These processes disrupt neurotrophic signaling, promote neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. These injuries disrupt brain physiology, leading to cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits, as well as systemic effects. The present review offers detailed overview of TBI including classification, epidemiology, and public health impact as long as pathophysiological Mechanisms.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida 44813, Egypt; m.Abdalla@sgu.edu.eg",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt",
    "Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Sixth of October City 12585, Egypt",
    "Faculty of Pharmacy - Suez Canal University",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt",
    "Department of Pathology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida 44813, Egypt;"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed Abdallah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Alaa Wahba"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Amira El-Gazar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Dina Abo-El-Matty"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Noha Mesbah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed Sobh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Gehad Elnagar"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5qr5qbkyxjjds.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.21608/rpbs.2026.501961.1428",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5qr5qbkyxjjds",
  "issns": [
    "2535-2091",
    "2536-9857"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.21608/rpbs.2026.501961.1428",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "HD9665-9675"
    ],
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      "lcc",
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    ],
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      "lcc",
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    [
      "openalex",
      "2728|Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7222889117",
  "pdf_url": "https://rpbs.journals.ekb.eg/article_533928_8314296c318e20a8fd7b5a5049a6f2a0.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-25",
  "publisher": "Suez Canal University, Faculty of Pharmacy",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5qr5qbkyxjjds.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:45:09Z",
      "native_id": "d6c12558402e4ef1b4b3b200bb58995b",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.21608/rpbs.2026.501961.1428"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2728|Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI): From classification to mechanistic insights",
  "title_text": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI): From classification to mechanistic insights",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:45:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5qr5qbkyxjjds",
  "venue": "Records of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences",
  "versions": []
}