{
  "abstract": "Background: Osteoporosis is a major public health concern and a leading cause of fragility fractures, yet screening with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) remains limited by accessibility and utilization. Opportunistic artificial intelligence (AI)-based analysis of routinely acquired chest radiographs (CXRs) may facilitate osteoporosis risk stratification. This study aimed to independently validate a regulatory-approved deep learning model (VeriOsteo™ OP) in a real-world, male-predominant cohort. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 2336 patients who underwent both CXR and DXA at a medical center in 2023, including 1688 males (72.3%) and 648 females (27.7%). Osteoporosis was defined as a DXA T-score ≤ -2.5. AI performance was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), with sex-specific subgroup analyses. Results: The AI model achieved an accuracy of 76.97%, sensitivity of 69.67%, specificity of 84.64%, PPV of 82.66%, and NPV of 72.65%. The overall AUC was 0.854 (95% CI, 0.839-0.868). The AUC was 0.825 (95% CI, 0.794-0.854) in males and 0.849 (95% CI, 0.831-0.866) in females. PPV was lower in males than in females (60.00% vs. 83.39%), while other performance measures were broadly comparable. The optimal AI cutoff also differed between males (≤-1.9) and females (≤-2.5). Conclusions: The AI model demonstrated good discrimination for opportunistic osteoporosis risk stratification using CXRs in a real-world cohort. Its moderate sensitivity and lower PPV among males highlight potential sex-related differences in AI-assisted osteoporosis assessment. The model may be most appropriately used as an adjunctive risk-stratification and DXA-prioritization tool to identify individuals who may benefit from subsequent DXA evaluation rather than a standalone diagnostic test.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Orthopaedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.",
    "Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan.",
    "Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan.",
    "Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan.",
    "Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan.",
    "Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.",
    "Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kao-Chang Tu",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-4135-264X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sheng-Chou Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Han-Ting Shih",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9910-6731"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cheng-Hung Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Kun-Hui Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Chia-Hsien Hsu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0752-3133"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5r3f79hzq542c.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/healthcare14193200",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664794",
  "id": "5r3f79hzq542c",
  "issns": [
    "2227-9032"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42881638",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2732|Bone health and osteoporosis research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214644110",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664794?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13664794",
  "pmid": "42881638",
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5r3f79hzq542c.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42881638",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42881638"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2732|Bone health and osteoporosis research",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Real-World Validation of an AI-Based Opportunistic Osteoporosis Risk Stratification Tool Using Chest Radiographs in a Male-Predominant Cohort.",
  "title_text": "Real-World Validation of an AI-Based Opportunistic Osteoporosis Risk Stratification Tool Using Chest Radiographs in a Male-Predominant Cohort.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5r3f79hzq542c",
  "venue": "Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}