{
  "abstract": "Crohn’s disease (CD) is a transmural disorder in which mucosal healing may coexist with persistent mural, mesenteric, or penetrating disease. Cross-sectional imaging can therefore extend assessment beyond lesion detection toward quantitative transmural phenotyping, using imaging-derived markers to characterize inflammatory activity, structural and fibrotic burden, extramural involvement, and longitudinal treatment response. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence on intestinal ultrasound (IUS), including contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography, magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), computed tomography enterography (CTE), multienergy CT, radiomics, and artificial intelligence (AI). IUS and MRE currently provide the most clinically mature approaches for serial assessment through bowel wall thickness, vascularity, composite activity indices, and measures of transmural response or healing. Conventional CTE remains important for structural and penetrating complications but is primarily morphologic and semi-quantitative. Multienergy CT introduces material-specific biomarkers, particularly iodine-based measures of inflammatory activity, whereas radiomics and AI remain largely investigational. Across modalities, persistent imaging abnormalities after treatment may provide prognostic information beyond mucosal assessment, but definitions, acquisition protocols, thresholds, and validation strategies remain heterogeneous. Quantitative transmural phenotyping may complement clinical, biochemical, endoscopic, and histological assessment, but standardization, multicenter validation, and prospective imaging-guided trials are required before routine precision-management implementation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy",
    "Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata del Trentino (ASUIT), 38122 Trento, Italy",
    "UOC of Radiology, Ospedale Sacro Cuore di Gesù, Fatebenefratelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy",
    "Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Healthcare Professions, Link Campus University, 00100 Rome, Italy",
    "Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute for Biostructure and Bioimages, 80145 Naples, Italy"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sandro Mereu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2060-7614"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Andrea Michielan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Giacomo Sica",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9518-9744"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Pier Paolo Mainenti",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3592-808X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Armando Gabbrielli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Salvatore A. Masala"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mariano Scaglione",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0910-8064"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maria Pina Dore",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7305-3531"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elettra Merola",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9553-7684"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5t6b2zxef4d2t.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15218696",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5t6b2zxef4d2t",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8696",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-07",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5t6b2zxef4d2t.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T00:21:41Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15218696",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8696"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Beyond Mucosal Healing: Quantitative Transmural Phenotyping to Assess Therapeutic Response and Support Precision Treatment in Crohn’s Disease—A Narrative Review",
  "title_text": "Beyond Mucosal Healing: Quantitative Transmural Phenotyping to Assess Therapeutic Response and Support Precision Treatment in Crohn’s Disease—A Narrative Review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-10T00:21:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5t6b2zxef4d2t",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}