{
  "abstract": "The adverse-pressure-gradient (APG) effect challenges the classical scaling of turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) over a flat plate, and it remains unclear whether outer-layer similarity holds across a wide range of APG strengths.We assemble a benchmark comprising the present direct numerical simulation of a suction--blowing-induced separation bubble and published profiles, spanning Clauser parameters $β_e=0.04$--$180$ and Reynolds numbers $Re_θ=530$--$19000$. Across this broad $(β_e,Re_θ)$ parameter range, existing APG normalizations do not simultaneously collapse the two mean-velocity defects and four Reynolds-stress components, leaving open whether outer similarity persists. Instead of defining new scalings, we normalize each quantity by its value at a common location $y_s$. Results are shown using $y_s=0.5δ$, beyond the outer stress peaks. For each of the six quantities, the normalized profiles exhibit a common outer shape across the conditions, with collapse emerging for $y/δ\\gtrsim0.2$ for the velocity defects and $y/δ\\gtrsim0.4$ for the Reynolds stresses. The collapse-error analysis shows that outer self-similarity is retained over a broad range of $y_s$ within the outer region and is not restricted to $y_s=0.5δ$. Furthermore, explicit expressions are provided for the normalized outer profiles. These results support component-wise outer similarity under strong APGs and provide compact references for APG turbulence-model assessment and conditional profile reconstruction.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.20372",
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Yu-Xuan Shi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mingze Ma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xi Chen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5t6n10n381fzj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.20372",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5t6n10n381fzj",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20372",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.flu-dyn"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2206|Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222219823",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.20372",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5t6n10n381fzj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:29:31Z",
      "native_id": "2610.20372",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20372"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.flu-dyn",
      "subfield": "fluid-dynamics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Component-wise outer similarity of turbulent boundary layers with strong adverse-pressure gradient",
  "title_text": "Component-wise outer similarity of turbulent boundary layers with strong adverse-pressure gradient",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:29:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5t6n10n381fzj",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}