{
  "abstract": "Electroreduction of carbonate and bicarbonate is emerging as a chemically distinct route beyond conventional gas-fed CO2 electrolysis. Yet the nominal ionic-carbon feed does not uniquely identify the immediate electroactive species. This review examines both indirect conversion, in which HCO3− or CO32− is locally protonated to regenerate molecular CO2 before conventional CO2RR, and direct conversion, in which solvated (bi)carbonate-derived species are activated at the cathode. We further discuss a surface- or lattice-mediated regime involving catalyst-bound carbonate reservoirs. Although these pathways may coexist, they differ fundamentally in carbon-species transport, interfacial reaction steps, catalyst-design requirements and reactor architectures. Using this pathway-resolved framework, we analyze the roles of acid–base speciation, proton-coupled electron transfer, cation-carbonate structuring, membrane-regulated carbon flux and catalytic microenvironments. We further evaluate catalyst and electrolyzer design, mechanistic evidence, carbon accounting and integration with carbon capture, including emerging direct-air-to-chemicals concepts. Finally, we identify the mechanistic and system-level requirements for advancing (bi)carbonate electrolysis towards energy-efficient, closed-loop capture-conversion processes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian 116023 China",
    "Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jieru Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mengdie Lv"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jianing Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lin Luo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kun Qi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5574-4475"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fuxiang Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7859-0616"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5v12yafvpvdm8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6sc05532j",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13548512/",
  "id": "5v12yafvpvdm8",
  "issns": [
    "2041-6520",
    "2041-6539"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc05532j",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-3.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 3.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2105|CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204864472",
  "pdf_url": "https://pubs.rsc.org/sc/article-pdf/doi/10.1039/D6SC05532J/13730728/d6sc05532j.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13548512",
  "pmid": "42707579",
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5v12yafvpvdm8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:23:45Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13548512",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc05532j"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:1605|Supramolecular Chemistry and Complexes",
      "subfield": "organic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "(Bi)carbonate reduction as a new pathway beyond conventional CO2 reduction",
  "title_text": "(Bi)carbonate reduction as a new pathway beyond conventional CO2 reduction",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:20:52Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5v12yafvpvdm8",
  "venue": "Chemical Science",
  "versions": []
}