{
  "abstract": "In vitro models of the human neuromuscular system recapitulate key features of neuromuscular connectivity and are increasingly used to study disease mechanisms. However, activity‐dependent adaptation and the contribution of endothelial cells (ECs) remain incompletely represented in vitro. Here, we establish a bottom‐up, microchip‐based method that supports motor innervation of three‐dimensional (3D) human muscle and permits local or bath application of defined chemical stimuli. The same architecture also supports endothelial ingrowth, producing myobundles with concurrent neural and endothelial integration. Repeated local L‐glutamate stimulation induced structural, metabolic, and transcriptional changes associated with activity‐dependent muscle adaptation, whereas high‐glucose exposure produced a distinct, largely opposing response. Addition of ECs further altered calcium dynamics in motor neurons (MNs) and innervated muscle fibers. This modular method enables controlled investigation of responses to neural, metabolic, and endothelial cues in engineered human neuromuscular system.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Mechanical Engineering Korea University Seoul Republic of Korea",
    "Center For Advanced Biomolecular Recognition Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul Republic of Korea",
    "KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University Seoul Republic of Korea",
    "Samsung Research Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Seoul Republic of Korea",
    "Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon South Korea",
    "Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology University of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea",
    "Biomedical Research Institute Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea",
    "Research and Development Center Einocle Inc. Seoul Republic of Korea",
    "Division of Bio‐Medical Science & Technology KIST School Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) Seoul Republic of Korea",
    "Brain Science Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA",
    "Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA",
    "Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 18,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jinchul Ahn",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-7493-4219"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Min‐seop Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4794-272X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ju‐Hee Kim",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-4315-6637"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Seok‐Hyeon Kang",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-3070-0639"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Dain Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6671-5998"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hui‐Wen Liu",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-2000-1396"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Seung‐cheol Shin",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-9284-5551"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Kyuhwan Na",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6355-2887"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yesl Jun",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7598-9226"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Oak‐Kee Hong",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8445-0882"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Ji Hun Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jin‐A Kim",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-6768-9332"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hwanseok Jang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1700-5962"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Hong Nam Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0329-0029"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11,
        12
      ],
      "name": "Roger D. Kamm",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7232-304X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ji‐Hoon Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9217-4483"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Jang‐Won Son",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0339-0131"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Seok Chung",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1735-8338"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5vhnvy8pztak8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/adma.74851",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13712203/",
  "id": "5vhnvy8pztak8",
  "issns": [
    "0935-9648",
    "1521-4095"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.74851",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
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      "openalex",
      "2804|Neuroscience and Neural Engineering"
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  "openalex": "W7208768910",
  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.74851",
  "pmcid": "PMC13712203",
  "pmid": "42695474",
  "published": "2026-09-04",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5vhnvy8pztak8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:50Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13712203",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.74851"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2804|Neuroscience and Neural Engineering",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Bottom‐Up Engineering of a Human Neuromuscular System for Modeling Activity‐Induced Remodeling, Metabolic Stress, and Endothelial‐Modulated Excitability",
  "title_text": "Bottom‐Up Engineering of a Human Neuromuscular System for Modeling Activity‐Induced Remodeling, Metabolic Stress, and Endothelial‐Modulated Excitability",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5vhnvy8pztak8",
  "venue": "Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)",
  "versions": []
}