{
  "abstract": "Spontaneous behaviors, e.g., walking and speaking, are thought to rely on an internal sense of time that provides a scaffold for precise temporal coordination. Yet endogenous rates of many behavioral processes often diverge from arbitrarily defined unit of objective time, raising a fundamental question: what temporal reference frame coordinates behavior? Using high temporal resolution multimodal recordings, we show that endogenous body-brain periodicities (including pupil fluctuations, saccadic eye movements, respiration, cardiac activity and neural oscillations) as well as spontaneous behaviors such as tapping, walking, and speaking, form a cross-frequency architecture organized as an arithmetic progression in a natural logarithmic frequency space. Successive rates are spaced by about {varphi} (golden ratio {approx} 1.618 1), while the ratio between rhythm classes are captured by e (e {approx} 2.72 2). The absence of power law scaling and harmonic anchoring to individual heart rates excluded the possibility that the frequency architecture scales to, and depends uniquely on, a single pacemaker. Rather, the irrational scaling suggests each rate to be principally independent and maximally de-coupled from others, yet capable to dynamically engage in cross-frequency interactions. We propose that the body-brain frequency architecture may provide an emergent temporal reference frame to scaffold perception and action.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Maastricht University"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "A. Criscuolo"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Schwartze"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. A. Kotz"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5w8jbj68df916.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.07.03.736377",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.03.736377v2.full",
  "id": "5w8jbj68df916",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.03.736377v2",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|Neural dynamics and brain function"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7167364279",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.03.736377v2.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-07-03",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5w8jbj68df916.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T12:21:27Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.07.03.736377",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.03.736377v2"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A cross-frequency architecture links biological and behavioral periodicities",
  "title_text": "A cross-frequency architecture links biological and behavioral periodicities",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-11T00:25:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5w8jbj68df916",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}