{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nCarbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CR-GNB) represent a significant public health threat, as they are associated with high mortality in healthcare settings. Carbapenemase production is the predominant resistance mechanism, and horizontal gene transfer drives the rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).Objectives\n\nThis study aimed to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles of CR-GNB isolated from patients at Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital (Lima, Peru) between October 2021 and January 2022.Methods\n\nWe conducted a cross-sectional study and collected clinical and epidemiological data from patients with bacterial infections. MALDI-TOF identified pathogens, and antimicrobial susceptibility was interpreted according to CLSI guidelines. A subset of isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing (Illumina) to determine genomic resistance markers.Results\n\nA total of 159 patients were included (median age = 54 years; 66.7% male); 72.3% had confirmed clinical infections, and 66% were admitted to the ICU. The most frequent infection types were pneumonia, urinary tract infection and bacteraemia. Overall, 97.5% of isolates were classified as XDR. Carbapenem resistance approached 100% (imipenem 99.4%, meropenem 98.7%). Whole-genome data revealed clonal diversity among Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST13/ST15) carrying bla NDM-1; Acinetobacter baumannii uniformly harboured bla OXA-23; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa included high-risk clones ST357 (bla IMP-93) and ST111 (bla IMP-18, bla VIM-2).Conclusions\n\nThese findings demonstrate a critical burden of XDR-GNB and the presence of multiple carbapenemases (NDM, IMP, KPC and VIM) associated with clinically relevant high-risk lineages. Strengthening molecular surveillance, optimizing antimicrobial stewardship and reinforcing infection-control measures are urgently needed to contain CR-GNB in critical-care settings in Peru.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.",
    "Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales (CITBM), Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú.",
    "Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Perú.",
    "Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú.",
    "Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Eddie Angles-Yanqui",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0602-384X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Katherine Yauri-Condor"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jorge Velásquez-Pomar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rosa Hernandez-Hernandez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Angel Salazar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Pamela Yañez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Diana Flores-Leon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ronnie G Gavilan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1437-5607"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5y7hwwb43003m.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/jacamr/dlag236",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13685629",
  "id": "5y7hwwb43003m",
  "issns": [
    "2632-1823"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42909907",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1313|Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223098005",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13685629?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13685629",
  "pmid": "42909907",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5y7hwwb43003m.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42909907",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42909907"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:1313|Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Molecular epidemiology and resistance mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in a referral hospital in Lima, Peru.",
  "title_text": "Molecular epidemiology and resistance mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in a referral hospital in Lima, Peru.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5y7hwwb43003m",
  "venue": "JAC-antimicrobial resistance",
  "versions": []
}