{
  "abstract": "Free-surface liquid metal flows are a leading candidate for the plasma-facing components of future fusion reactors, but existing transient, three-dimensional, free-surface MHD solvers rely on the inductionless approximation, in which the induced magnetic field is neglected. This paper extends the open-source solver FreeMHD [B. Wynne et al., Phys. Plasmas 32, 013907 (2025)] beyond that approximation, resolving the induced field self-consistently with a vector-potential formulation that enforces $\\nabla\\cdot\\boldsymbol{B}=0$ by construction while preserving the original multi-region, two-phase framework. It is verified against the analytical Shercliff and Hunt duct flows, against flows driven by a time-varying applied field, and against the deformation of a free liquid metal jet crossing a non-uniform field, and validated against free-surface height measurements from the LMX-U experiment. The experiment validates the overall free-surface solution rather than finite-$R_m$ effects, which the transient-field cases verify. To our knowledge this is the first open-source, fully three-dimensional free-surface liquid metal solver to resolve the evolution of the induced magnetic field, providing a basis for modeling the finite magnetic Reynolds number conditions expected in large-scale, transient fusion events.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "Journal reference: Phys. Plasmas 33, 103903 (2026)",
  "arxiv": "2606.18745",
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Min Ki Jung"
    },
    {
      "name": "Brian Wynne"
    },
    {
      "name": "Francisco Saenz"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yufan Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jabir Al-Salami"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yong-Su Na"
    },
    {
      "name": "Egemen Kolemen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5yppantk9xayq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2606.18745",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "5yppantk9xayq",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.18745",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.comp-ph"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.plasm-ph"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.18745",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5yppantk9xayq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:34:34Z",
      "native_id": "2606.18745",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.18745"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.comp-ph",
      "subfield": "computational"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.plasm-ph",
      "subfield": "plasma"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Extension of a multi-region free-surface MHD solver beyond the inductionless approximation",
  "title_text": "Extension of a multi-region free-surface MHD solver beyond the inductionless approximation",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:34:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5yppantk9xayq",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1063/5.0349250",
      "pid": null,
      "relation": "published-as",
      "title": null,
      "venue": null
    }
  ]
}