{
  "abstract": "Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. (Ma-Khwaen) is an economically important medicinal plant traditionally used for pain and inflammatory disorders. This study explored its phytochemical composition, biological activities, and potential for nano-spray product development. Methods: Ethanolic fruit extracts collected from five provinces in Northern Thailand were evaluated for extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts from Nan Province were further selected for DPPH radical scavenging, GC–MS characterization, nitric oxide (NO) inhibition assay in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, nano-spray formulation development, and stability assessment. Results: Considerable phytochemical variation was observed among geographical origins, with TPC and TFC ranging from 19.47 to 103.09 mg GAE/g extract and 28.57 to 400.72 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The Nan whole-fruit extract exhibited the highest extraction yield (20.81%), whereas the pericarp extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 111.78 μg/mL). GC–MS analysis revealed anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, predominantly α-terpineol, geranyl acetate, n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, and linalool. The selected extract demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ = 6.95 ± 0.44 μg/mL), exceeding that of prednisolone, and was successfully incorporated into a physically stable nano-spray formulation with 60-day storage stability. Conclusions: These findings provide scientific validation for the traditional use of Ma-Khwaen and support its development as a stable nano-spray formulation for muscle pain relief and inflammation alleviation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand",
    "Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand",
    "Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand",
    "Department of Nursing Science, School of Nurse, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand",
    "Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand",
    "Naive Innova Co., Ltd., Phan, Chiang Rai 57120, Thailand"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Keng Chaichana"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Phanit Srisuttha"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Raweephun Sunanta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Phadungnaree Saenmuang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wannita Sakulwattana"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wichida Lasomsri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pakorn Pusuwan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sakesun Thongtip"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Pannatat Suttirak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Pitakpong Panta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ubonwan Saesiw"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Teerapong Yata"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Monchanok Choowanthanapakorn"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5zjntpkb0fyc8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cosmetics13050252",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/13/5/252",
  "id": "5zjntpkb0fyc8",
  "issns": [
    "2079-9284"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13050252",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QD1-999"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Phytochemistry and Biological Activities"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213905453",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5zjntpkb0fyc8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T14:21:26Z",
      "native_id": "07f66ba1e34d4e37bd5f5466f9a85873",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13050252"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Phytochemistry and Biological Activities",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities, and Nano-Spray Development for Muscle Pain Relief from Thai Ma-Khwaen Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC.",
  "title_text": "Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities, and Nano-Spray Development for Muscle Pain Relief from Thai Ma-Khwaen Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:21:26Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5zjntpkb0fyc8",
  "venue": "Cosmetics",
  "versions": []
}