{
  "abstract": "Atmospheric observations of the widely used hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene), and HFO-1234ze(E) (E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene), and the hydrochlorofluoroolefin (HCFO) HCFO-1233zd(E) (E-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene) are reported from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network. Since 2011, pollution events have grown in magnitude and frequency at sites which are influenced by regional emissions, while remote stations show first appearances of these substances. For HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze(E) winter peak mole fractions in background northern hemisphere air have grown from 0.03 ppt (picomol mol-1, parts-per-trillion in dry air) in the mid-2010s to 0.25 ppt in 2024, while the atmospherically more stable HCFO-1233zd(E) showed an increase from 0.06 ppt to 0.45 ppt. This suggests increasing usage of these haloolefins to replace hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are regulated for phase-down over the next decades. Using European observations and the inverse modeling frameworks InTEM, ELRIS, and RHIME we determine emission trends and regional distribution. For Northwest Europe, emissions of HFO-1234yf increased steadily and rapidly from <0.1 Gg yr-1 in 2014 to 1.50 Gg yr-1 by 2023, presumably due to its introduction in the mobile air conditioning and refrigeration sectors. HFO-1234ze(E) emissions were low during 2014–2017, followed by a rapid increase in 2018/2019, potentially due its introduction as aerosol propellant, after which they increased more slowly to 0.96 Gg yr-1 by 2023. HCFO-1233zd(E) emissions are derived from 2017 onwards, showing a steady increase from 0.2 Gg yr-1 to 1.0 Gg yr-1 in 2023.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Dübendorf, Switzerland)",
    "Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK",
    "Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland",
    "CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia",
    "Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA",
    "School of Geographical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK",
    "Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy",
    "Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy",
    "Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK",
    "Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany",
    "Gluckman Consulting, Cobham, Surrey, UK",
    "NILU, Kjeller, Norway",
    "School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea",
    "Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Bern, Switzerland",
    "School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    "Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon, South Korea",
    "Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis, TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Petten, the Netherlands",
    "GC Soft Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA",
    "Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 39,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Martin K. Vollmer",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5569-9718"
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        1
      ],
      "name": "Joseph Pitt",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8660-5136"
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      "name": "Dickon Young",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6723-3138"
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        2
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      "name": "Stephan Henne",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6637-4887"
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Blagoj S. Mitrevski",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7534-0083"
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    {
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        4
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      "name": "Jens Mühle",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9776-3642"
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    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Anita L. Ganesan",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5715-8923"
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        7
      ],
      "name": "Jgor Arduini",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5199-3853"
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        1,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Alistair J. Manning",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1431-7514"
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        9
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Wagenhäuser",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4501-6108"
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    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Alison L. Redington"
    },
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        2
      ],
      "name": "Daniela B. Melo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Brendan J. Murphy",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2446-5411"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Ray Gluckman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kieran M. Stanley",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3388-0932"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Paul B. Krummel",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4884-3678"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Chris R. Lunder"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Jaegeun Yun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Dominique Rust",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-0860-1548"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Angelina Wenger",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5011-1751"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Myriam Guillevic",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8128-7247"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jooil Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2610-4882"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Ray H. J. Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1550-3239"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Tae Siek Rhee",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8025-9431"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Lionel Constantin",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-0347-4897"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Arnoud K. F. Frumau",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5940-0285"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Christina M. Harth",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0544-1932"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17
      ],
      "name": "Peter K. Salameh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Ove Hermansen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7353-057X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Rigby",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2020-9253"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        18
      ],
      "name": "Luke M. Western",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0043-711X"
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    {
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        9
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      "name": "Andreas Engel",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0557-3935"
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        1
      ],
      "name": "Simon O’Doherty",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4051-6760"
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    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Sunyoung Park",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7506-5752"
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    {
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        6,
        7
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      "name": "Michela Maione",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2622-5772"
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    {
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        3
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      "name": "Paul J. Fraser",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5951-6819"
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        18
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      "name": "Ronald G. Prinn",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5925-3801"
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        4
      ],
      "name": "Ray F. Weiss",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9551-7739"
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    {
      "affs": [
        2
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      "name": "Stefan Reimann",
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/603h4d574gfcj.bib",
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  "doi": "10.5194/acp-26-6993-2026",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "603h4d574gfcj",
  "issns": [
    "1680-7316",
    "1680-7324"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6993-2026",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1902|Atmospheric Ozone and Climate"
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  "pdf_url": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/26/6993/2026/acp-26-6993-2026.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-05-22",
  "publisher": "Copernicus Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/603h4d574gfcj.ris",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6993-2026"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:1902|Atmospheric Ozone and Climate",
      "subfield": "climate"
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  ],
  "title": "Global Observations and European emissions of the halogenated olefins HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), and HCFO-1233zd(E) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) network",
  "title_text": "Global Observations and European emissions of the halogenated olefins HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), and HCFO-1233zd(E) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) network",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T13:20:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/603h4d574gfcj",
  "venue": "Atmospheric chemistry and physics",
  "versions": []
}