{ "abstract": "The general objective of this study was to evaluate Eucalyptus globulus bark extract as a candidate component of wood preservatives with a reduced load of synthetic biocides. Extraction conditions were screened using a 23 full factorial design with a center point, identifying 75 °C, 60% ethanol and 1 h as the highest-yielding conditions (5.94%) within the tested ranges. In four-week laboratory wood-block assays, the extract alone did not exceed 40% inhibition of wood-staining fungi, whereas hinokitiol reached complete inhibition at 0.4%. Combining the extract (5%) with hinokitiol (0.4%) achieved 95–100% inhibition, similar to the synthetic reference; because hinokitiol alone reached complete inhibition at this concentration, the extract’s contribution could not be isolated, and formulations in which the extract or hinokitiol was used instead of chlorothalonil and carbendazim alongside a copper-8-quinolinolate product retained 97–100% inhibition at half, and 90–93% at a quarter, of the copper-product dose (87% and 93% reductions in synthetic active ingredients), although the copper product alone was also fully effective at 2% and the contribution of the natural components could not be isolated at that dose. On a per-mass basis, the extract (48 h LC50 27,500 ppm) was approximately 710-fold less acutely toxic than the copper-8-quinolinolate product used as synthetic reference (38.71 ppm) in Daphnia magna bioassays. On the basis of its composition and the literature, the extract may contribute multi-target antifungal mechanisms, including metal chelation, enzyme inhibition and membrane disruption, that could complement the more stable action of hinokitiol; these mechanisms were not measured here. This work supports eucalyptus bark extract, a residue that is abundant in Chile and in other eucalypt-pulp-producing countries, as a candidate component of reduced-synthetic (hybrid) wood-protection formulations; the aquatic toxicity of the final formulations was not tested, and leaching, penetration and field-durability testing are required before practical or environmental benefits can be claimed.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Las Tres Pascualas, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile", "Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción 4070386, Chile", "Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Las Américas, Campus El Boldal, Av. Jorge Alessandri 1160, Concepción 4090940, Chile", "Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Cordillera 3624, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4191996, Chile", "Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD)—ANID BASAL FB210015, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile", "Departamento de Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 631, Concepción 4070386, Chile", "Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción 4070386, Chile", "Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Las Tres Pascualas, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile" ], "article_type": "research article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 9, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Gastón Bravo-Arrepol", "orcid": "0000-0002-5765-8300" }, { "affs": [ 1, 2 ], "name": "Solange Torres", "orcid": "0000-0001-8224-0072" }, { "affs": [ 3, 4 ], "name": "Victor Ferrer", "orcid": "0000-0002-5437-461X" }, { "affs": [ 3, 4 ], "name": "Danilo Escobar-Avello", "orcid": "0000-0002-6205-9011" }, { "affs": [ 5 ], "name": "Moisés Vásquez", "orcid": "0009-0000-9891-3438" }, { "affs": [ 4, 5, 6 ], "name": "Vicente Hernández", "orcid": "0000-0002-8943-5902" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas", "orcid": "0000-0002-1850-0244" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Claudia Pérez", "orcid": "0000-0002-8562-3842" }, { "affs": [ 3, 4 ], "name": "Cecilia Fuentealba", "orcid": "0000-0002-1763-9463" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/625nn74jghd3z.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.3390/molecules31193503", "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666255/?tool=EBI", "id": "625nn74jghd3z", "issns": [ "1420-3049" ], "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666255", "language": "eng", "licence": "CC-BY", "licence_label": "CC BY", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "2215|Wood Treatment and Properties" ] ], "openalex": "W7215104633", "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666255/pdf/?tool=EBI", "pmcid": "PMC13666255", "pmid": null, "published": "2026-10-01", "publisher": "MDPI AG", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/625nn74jghd3z.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:31Z", "native_id": "PMC:PMC13666255", "source": "europepmc", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666255" }, { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z", "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31193503", "source": "crossref", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/19/3503" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "chemistry", "origin": "issn:1420-3049", "subfield": "general" } ], "title": "Eucalyptus globulus Bark Extract and Hinokitiol in Hybrid Anti-Sapstain Formulations with Reduced Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim and Copper-8-quinolinolate Loads", "title_text": "Eucalyptus globulus Bark Extract and Hinokitiol in Hybrid Anti-Sapstain Formulations with Reduced Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim and Copper-8-quinolinolate Loads", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/625nn74jghd3z", "venue": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", "versions": [] }