{
  "abstract": "PurposeThis study aimed to compare multi-planar shank-foot coordination patterns and variability during stance between runners who transitioned from a rearfoot strike (RFS) to a non-rearfoot strike (NRFS) through gait retraining (RETs) and habitual NRFS runners (HABs).MethodsThirty-eight runners (18 RETs, 20 HABs) were analyzed. Multi-planar shank-foot coordination patterns and coordination variability (CV) were quantified across three key couplings using a modified vector coding technique. Sagittal-plane and impact-related outcomes, coordination-pattern proportions, and CV were analyzed using independent-samples tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and generalized linear mixed models, respectively.ResultsPrimary analyses showed no statistically significant between-group differences in foot-strike angle, peak vGRF, VALR, or VILR. Covariate-adjusted sensitivity analyses identified lower VALR and VILR in RETs (P = 0.040 and P = 0.025). Coordination-pattern proportions differed during P4 of the shank transverse vs. foot sagittal coupling, with RETs exhibiting greater anti-phase distal-dominant and lower in-phase distal-dominant coordination. Significant group × phase interactions in CV were observed across all three couplings (P ≤ 0.002), with greater CV in RETs during P2 of the shank frontal vs. foot sagittal coupling (P = 0.021).ConclusionPhase- and coupling-specific differences in shank-foot coordination were observed between HABs and RETs who completed gait retraining and demonstrated an NRFS pattern at testing. Multi-planar coordination analysis may therefore provide complementary information beyond foot-strike classification and selected sagittal-plane or external loading measures.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China",
    "Department of Physical Education, Central South University, Changsha, China",
    "Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China",
    "College of Physical Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China",
    "Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China",
    "School of Intelligent Sports Engineering, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ruoyu Zhi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liqin Deng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Liqin Deng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kaicheng Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Fan Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bokai Suo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zeyu Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yunjian Zhong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Xini Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Weijie Fu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/63rg5k6a5r90b.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fbioe.2026.1948314",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1948314/full",
  "id": "63rg5k6a5r90b",
  "issns": [
    "2296-4185"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1948314",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "TP248.13-248.65"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-09",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media S.A.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/63rg5k6a5r90b.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T14:21:33Z",
      "native_id": "020b06f6520d4f1589627c2963ff3736",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1948314"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "lcc:TP248.13-248.65",
      "subfield": "systems-synthetic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multi-planar intersegmental coordination differs between retrained and habitual non-rearfoot strikers",
  "title_text": "Multi-planar intersegmental coordination differs between retrained and habitual non-rearfoot strikers",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T14:21:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/63rg5k6a5r90b",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology",
  "versions": []
}