{
  "abstract": "Online handwriting provides a low-burden source of cognitive–motor measurements, but small datasets can yield optimistic results when preprocessing, task selection, or explanation is not separated from evaluation. We evaluated eight classifiers on the DARWIN dataset (174 participants; 25 tasks; 450 predictors) using ten repetitions of 5-outer/3-inner-fold nested stratified cross-validation. All preprocessing, hyperparameter selection, and calibration were restricted to outer training data. We added a training-derived operating point, fully nested seven-task selection, cross-model subset transfer, foldwise SHAP analysis, and an all-feature SHAP sensitivity analysis. Random Forest had the highest descriptive ROC-AUC (0.938 ± 0.033 across 50 held-out folds). The Friedman omnibus test indicated model differences (p < 0.001), but no one of 28 paired comparisons remained significant after Holm correction. Training-derived thresholds (median 0.461) yielded held-out sensitivity 0.869 and specificity 0.831; these are exploratory operating characteristics, not a clinical cutoff. Nested seven-task selection achieved AUC 0.916 ± 0.037, compared with 0.956 ± 0.030 for all 25 tasks, and selected subsets were unstable (mean Jaccard 0.195). Cross-validated SHAP emphasized temporal variables, although an all-450-feature sensitivity analysis showed that individual ranks depend partly on ANOVA preselection. The study contributes an integrated, leakage-controlled evaluation rather than a new classifier or a validated diagnostic instrument; external prospective validation remains necessary.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan",
    "School of Nursing, Shandong Xiehe University, Jinan, Shandong, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tehreem Fatima"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tahira Anwar Lashari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Momina Moetesum"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sana Anwar Lashari"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/63y5r4xq07vb7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361117",
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  "id": "63y5r4xq07vb7",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361117",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "2738|Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research"
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    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Biomarkers"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive neuroscience/Cognitive neurology/Cognitive impairment"
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    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Software engineering/Preprocessing"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Neurodegenerative diseases/Alzheimer's disease"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Mental health and psychiatry/Dementia/Alzheimer's disease"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Neurology/Cognitive neurology/Cognitive impairment"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Neurology/Dementia/Alzheimer's disease"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Neurology/Neurodegenerative diseases/Alzheimer's disease"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Mathematics/Statistics/Statistical methods/Analysis of variance"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Mathematical and statistical techniques/Statistical methods/Analysis of variance"
    ]
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0361117&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/63y5r4xq07vb7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361117",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361117"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:cognitive neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
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    {
      "field": "mathematics",
      "origin": "plos:statistical methods",
      "subfield": "statistics"
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    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:neurology",
      "subfield": "neurology"
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  ],
  "title": "Handwriting-based Alzheimer’s disease classification on the DARWIN dataset: Repeated nested validation, task-level reduction, and cross-validated explainability",
  "title_text": "Handwriting-based Alzheimer’s disease classification on the DARWIN dataset: Repeated nested validation, task-level reduction, and cross-validated explainability",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/63y5r4xq07vb7",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}