{
  "abstract": "Purpose: To design, implement, and test a semi-automated method for measuring central retinal artery (CRA) blood flow using color Doppler imaging (CDI) waveforms synchronized with electrocardiography (ECG).\n\nMethods: Twenty-four patients (48 eyes; 16/8 male/female; mean age 64.5 ± 15.8 years) underwent CDI-ECG imaging. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and time from the ECG r-wave to the CRA PSV (r_PSV) were measured manually and with a semi-automated method.\n\nResults: PSV showed excellent correlation and agreement between manual and semi-automated methods (right eye [OD] r = 0.95, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.945; left eye [OS] r = 0.94, ICC = 0.928). EDV had weaker results (OD r = 0.67, ICC = 0.441; OS r = 0.86, ICC = 0.585). The r_PSV had moderate correlations (OD r = 0.75; OS r = 0.42) and agreement (ICC = 0.702 and 0.387). Bland-Altman analysis showed small PSV bias (OD = 0.327; OS 0.419 cm/s), EDV overestimation (bias OD −0.556; OS −0.886 cm/s), and minimal r_PSV bias (OD = −0.012; OS = −0.010 s). Mixed-effects modeling found a significant method and eye effect only for EDV.\n\nConclusions: Semi-automated PSV measurements show excellent agreement with manual analysis and represent the most robust and clinically applicable output of the method. In contrast, EDV and r_PSV demonstrate lower agreement and should be considered exploratory, likely reflecting sensitivity to waveform morphology and low-magnitude signal characteristics.\n\nTranslational Relevance: A semi-automated CDI-ECG waveform analysis could allow for reproducible assessment of ocular blood flow and enable large-scale assessment of data examining the heart-eye relationship.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA",
    "Maine College of Engineering and Computing, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA",
    "Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Keren Wood"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alon Harris"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Temitope Olayinka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alice Verticchio Vercellin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yoav Niv-Granot"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Stamatios Lerakis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Chen Gurevitz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Brent Siesky"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yash Lahoti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Giovanna Guidoboni"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/645n42nxzg9kv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1167/tvst.15.10.43",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13722962/",
  "id": "645n42nxzg9kv",
  "issns": [
    "2164-2591"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.15.10.43",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Retina"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Retinal Imaging and Analysis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223898557",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13722962",
  "pmid": "42937435",
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/645n42nxzg9kv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:40Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13722962",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.15.10.43"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2741|Retinal Imaging and Analysis",
      "subfield": "imaging"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Semi-Automated Measurement of Central Retinal Artery Blood Flow Using Doppler Ultrasound Coupled With Electrocardiography",
  "title_text": "Semi-Automated Measurement of Central Retinal Artery Blood Flow Using Doppler Ultrasound Coupled With Electrocardiography",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:21:40Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/645n42nxzg9kv",
  "venue": "Translational Vision Science & Technology",
  "versions": []
}