{
  "abstract": "Mouse models are frequently used to develop treatments for human cancer. However, the degree to which their tumor microenvironments (TMEs) are synonymously assembled is particularly poorly characterized. Through systematic immunoprofiling of 15 commonly used mouse models, we found that most murine TMEs recapitulate the composition of poorly infiltrated human tumors, extensively biased toward high macrophage densities. We discovered substantial species-specific biases of chemokine expression networks known to drive TMEs assembly, together with discoordinated frequencies of T and myeloid cell subtypes. Even with variable alignment, conserved cell-type-specific gene expression programs emerged across species and cohorts. Dissecting the coordinated T cell-myeloid gene expression programs revealed a conserved axis between interferon-responsive myeloid states and ongoing T cell cytotoxicity that transcends tissue of origin and predicts clinical outcome. Collectively, this work provides a practical atlas outlining both the hazards and opportunities of using mice to model human cancer.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "CoLabs, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA. tristan.courau@ucsf.edu",
    "Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA. tristan.courau@ucsf.edu",
    "ImmunoProfiler Initiative, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA. tristan.courau@ucsf.edu",
    "Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 9443, USA",
    "UCSF CoLabs",
    "CoLabs, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA",
    "ImmunoProfiler Initiative, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA",
    "UCSF ImmunoProfiler Initiative",
    "Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA",
    "Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA",
    "The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA",
    "The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, US",
    "Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, UCSF",
    "Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, UCSF",
    "The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA",
    "Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA",
    "Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA",
    "Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA. max.krummel@ucsf.edu",
    "ImmunoProfiler Initiative, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA. max.krummel@ucsf.edu"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 24,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Tristan Courau",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1819-9516"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Rebecca Garrett Jaszczak",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2588-8790"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6,
        4,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Bushra Samad",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2893-0897"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Emily Flynn",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9703-3594"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        8,
        6,
        4,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Nayvin W. Chew",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-5363-5563"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        8,
        6,
        4,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Gabriella C. Reeder"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        8,
        6,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jessica L. Tsui",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1336-6760"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        6,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Semhar Teklu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        6,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Lomax F. Pass"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Austin W. Edwards"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Naser"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        6,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Arja Ray",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2305-2324"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        8,
        6,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Harrison Wismer",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-5631-4067"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Daniel G. Bunis",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0010-1616"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Leonard C. Lupin-Jimenez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5613-3019"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Noah Veis Gavil",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4686-4181"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        11
      ],
      "name": "David Masopust",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9440-3884"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10,
        12,
        4
      ],
      "name": "John P. Graham",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5630-7202"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10,
        13,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Daniel A. Skelly",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2329-2216"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xavier Vesco",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-0279-5923"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Edison T. Liu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4293-4795"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        15
      ],
      "name": "Gabriela K. Fragiadakis",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9703-2591"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        16,
        8,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Alexis J. Combes",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9110-6542"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17,
        18
      ],
      "name": "Matthew F. Krummel",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7915-3533"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/64era2pkxvsz5.bib",
  "cited_by": 17,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41590-026-02505-7",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "64era2pkxvsz5",
  "issns": [
    "1529-2908",
    "1529-2916"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-026-02505-7",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|Immune cells in cancer"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W4412053819",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13226090",
  "pmid": "42156893",
  "published": "2026-05-19",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/64era2pkxvsz5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:51Z",
      "native_id": "W4412053819",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-026-02505-7"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|Immune cells in cancer",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Differential assembly of mouse and human tumor microenvironments",
  "title_text": "Differential assembly of mouse and human tumor microenvironments",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T13:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/64era2pkxvsz5",
  "venue": "Nature Immunology",
  "versions": []
}