{
  "abstract": "Recombinant herpesvirus of turkey laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) and fowlpox virus (rFPV)-LT in-ovoin-ovo vaccines are used for ILT control in broiler chickens. Previously, we showed that in-ovoin-ovo CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) adjuvantation of rHVT-LT can protect broilers against ILT at 28 days of age. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of in-ovoin-ovo CpG-ODN-adjuvanted rHVT-LT and rFPV-LT in broilers when challenged at 14 days of age. Eighteen experimental groups incorporated CpG-ODN-only treatments or those receiving rHVT-LT or rFPV-LT with/without CpG-ODN or non-CpG control ODN in-ovoin-ovo, followed by ILTV challenge at 14 days of age. While none of the vaccinated groups provided significant clinical protection, rHVT-LT+CpG-ODN vaccination showed a numerical reduction (p = 0.0710) in disease severity following ILTV challenge compared with the unvaccinated control. CpG-ODN-only or CpG-ODN-adjuvanted vaccinations followed by challenge resulted in increased (p < 0.05) tracheal and/or splenic TLR21, IL-12, or IFNγ transcription, indicating TLR-mediated antiviral adjuvant effects. Furthermore, CpG-ODN+rHVT-LT/rFPV-LT groups receiving ILTV had increased (p < 0.05) splenic frequencies of macrophages, γδ T cells, B cells, and activated CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that in-ovo CpG-ODN adjuvantation with recombinant-vectored ILT vaccines can induce measurable immune activation and a trend toward reduced ILT disease severity following early ILTV challenge in broiler chickens.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.",
    "Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Carissa Gaghan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2658-123X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Browning"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aakriti Tyagi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8550-9417"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pok Man Chan",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-2423-6818"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9974-7600"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Isabel M Gimeno"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Raveendra R Kulkarni",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1126-7494"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/64hfbb4mb395c.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/v18101096",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709395",
  "id": "64hfbb4mb395c",
  "issns": [
    "1999-4915"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944016",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1103|Animal Virus Infections Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220467069",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709395?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709395",
  "pmid": "42944016",
  "published": "2026-10-03",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/64hfbb4mb395c.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42944016",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944016"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1103|Animal Virus Infections Studies",
      "subfield": "zoology-behaviour"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Immunogenicity and Efficacy of CpG-Adjuvanted In-Ovo Recombinant HVT-LT and FPV-LT Vaccines Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Challenge in 14-Day-Old Broiler Chickens.",
  "title_text": "Immunogenicity and Efficacy of CpG-Adjuvanted In-Ovo Recombinant HVT-LT and FPV-LT Vaccines Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Challenge in 14-Day-Old Broiler Chickens.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/64hfbb4mb395c",
  "venue": "Viruses",
  "versions": []
}