{
  "abstract": "Propolis, a bee-derived product rich in polyphenols such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, is known for its antibacterial activity. However, its low water solubility has limited its use mainly to hydroalcoholic extracts. In this study, propolis extracts (PE) were formulated as ethanol-free PE-in-water emulsions stabilized with gum Arabic. We investigated polyphenol distribution in emulsified PE and its antibacterial activity against Listeria innocua. HPLC analysis showed partial solubilization of phenolic acids in the aqueous phase, while both phenolic acids and flavonoids were present in the dispersed droplets. At a standardized total polyphenol concentration of 0.5 g gallic acid equivalents/L and an inoculum of ~5.0 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, emulsified propolis showed strong bactericidal activity across pH 5.5-6.8, whereas aqueous extracts mainly resulted in a slowing of bacterial growth. The antibacterial effect appears to depend on droplet-bacteria interactions, with the faster killing observed in the presence of both phenolic acids and flavonoids. Overall, emulsification promotes polyphenol partitioning while preserving antibacterial activity, supporting the potential use of ethanol-free propolis emulsions as antimicrobial ingredients for food applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Abdessattar Hadj-Sassi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Julien Monteil"
    },
    {
      "name": "Isaura Caceres"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fernando Leal-Calderon"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6529wsf1b5fmf.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.afres.2026.102649",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "6529wsf1b5fmf",
  "issns": [
    "2772-5022"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05792764v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.chim"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1109|Bee Products Chemical Analysis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214163314",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05841740/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-11",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6529wsf1b5fmf.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:54Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05792764",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05792764v1"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05841740",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05841740v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1109|Bee Products Chemical Analysis",
      "subfield": "zoology-behaviour"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Antibacterial activity of propolis-in-water emulsions in relation to polyphenol distribution. A case study on Listeria innocua",
  "title_text": "Antibacterial activity of propolis-in-water emulsions in relation to polyphenol distribution. A case study on Listeria innocua",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6529wsf1b5fmf",
  "venue": "Applied Food Research",
  "versions": []
}