{
  "abstract": "This work aimed to determine the energy values and digestibility of amino acids (AA) in full-fat almonds, to estimate phosphorus (P) digestibility in full-fat almonds, and to calculate the replacement value of full-fat almonds in pig diets. In experiment 1, the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of full-fat almonds were determined using six barrows (34.5 ± 2.0 kg) housed in individual metabolism cages. A basal diet containing corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil was used, and the almond diet was formulated by replacing the energy sources in the basal diet with full-fat almonds at 10%. In experiment 2, AA digestibility was determined using six barrows (28.9 ± 1.0 kg) fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. A cornstarch-based diet containing full-fat almonds as the sole AA source was used. The DE and ME of full-fat almonds were 4370 and 4320 kcal/kg (standard error = 276 and 300). The standardized ileal digestibility values of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp in full-fat almonds were 95.2%, 61.6%, 69.4%, and 101.3% (standard error = 9.2 to 10.7). The standardized total tract digestibility of P in full-fat almonds was estimated to be 69.3% (standard error = 4.5). When full-fat almonds (0.400 USD/kg) were included at 5% in pig diets, feed cost decreased by 0.005 USD/kg. In conclusion, an Excel spreadsheet based on measured energy and nutrient concentrations in full-fat almonds enables the estimation of feed cost changes according to ingredient prices and full-fat almond inclusion rates.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.",
    "Easy Holdings Co., Ltd., Seoul 06253, Republic of Korea."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yujeong Hwang",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-3624-8846"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jong Woong Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Beob Gyun Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2097-717X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/65f8s32hxer06.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ani16193043",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13663611",
  "id": "65f8s32hxer06",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2615"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883012",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1103|Animal Nutrition and Physiology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214679150",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13663611?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13663611",
  "pmid": "42883012",
  "published": "2026-09-27",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/65f8s32hxer06.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42883012",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883012"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1103|Animal Nutrition and Physiology",
      "subfield": "zoology-behaviour"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Metabolizable Energy, Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids, Standardized Total Tract Digestible Phosphorus, and Replacement Value of Full-Fat Almonds for Pigs.",
  "title_text": "Metabolizable Energy, Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids, Standardized Total Tract Digestible Phosphorus, and Replacement Value of Full-Fat Almonds for Pigs.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/65f8s32hxer06",
  "venue": "Animals : an open access journal from MDPI",
  "versions": []
}