{
  "abstract": "Background: The escalating global incidence of multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae necessitates an effective vaccine. While the meningococcal 4CMenB vaccine offers some cross-protection against gonorrhoea, this protection is limited highlighting the need for a targeted gonococcal vaccine. In this study, we evaluate the durability of immune response and characterise the immunogenicity induced by GonoVac, a native Outer Membrane Vesicle (nOMV) vaccine produced from N. gonorrhoeae GC_0817560 lpxL1 ⁻ , across genetically distinct strains of mouse.\n\nMethods: We evaluated the longevity of the immune response induced by two and three doses of GonoVac formulated with aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH) ₃ ) over a one-year period (49 weeks for C57BL/6 and CD1 mice, 33 weeks for BALB/c mice), compared to the meningococcal group B vaccine, 4CMenB. Identical immunisation schedules were followed in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and CD1 mice. Separately, we examined the impact of Al(OH) ₃ on GonoVac immunogenicity in all three mouse strains. Serological, mucosal, and cellular responses were assessed using ELISA, serum bactericidal assays (SBA) and ELISpot.\n\nResults: GonoVac with Al(OH) ₃ induced robust, long-lasting anti-gonococcal IgG responses in all three strains of mice and significantly higher levels of antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing of gonococci in C57BL/6 and CD1 mice compared with 4CMenB. Immune responses were maintained for up to one year. Serum anti-gonococcal IgG subclass distributions varied across mouse strains and between GonoVac and 4CMenB in the same strain of mouse. GonoVac formulated with and without Al(OH) ₃ elicited high levels of antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing of N. gonorrhoeae irrespective of mouse strain. While mucosal IgG responses were robust with both GonoVac formulations, Al(OH) ₃ significantly enhancing cellular immunity in BALB/c and CD1 mice compared with C57BL/6 mice.\n\nConclusions: Our findings demonstrate that GonoVac, a preclinical candidate gonococcal nOMV vaccine, induces durable and functional anti-gonococcal immune responses that are higher than 4CMenB, across three commonly used laboratory strains of mice.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , ,",
    "School of Biosciences, University of Surrey , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ilaria Onofrio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Belcher"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Molly E. Quinn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Emma Lupoli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tyler Freslov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Natasha Owen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Senuri N. Dissanayake"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lukasz A. Grudzein"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Paula Freixeiro"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Christine S. Rollier"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Calman A. MacLennan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/66cnmp3n8exv0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923399",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672624/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "66cnmp3n8exv0",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13672624",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2404|Bacterial Infections and Vaccines"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7216521474",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672624/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13672624",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/66cnmp3n8exv0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13672624",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13672624"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:15Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923399",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923399/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2404|Bacterial Infections and Vaccines",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A candidate gonococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine which induces persistent immunity in three genetically distinct species of mouse and is similarly immunogenic when formulated with and without aluminium adjuvant",
  "title_text": "A candidate gonococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine which induces persistent immunity in three genetically distinct species of mouse and is similarly immunogenic when formulated with and without aluminium adjuvant",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/66cnmp3n8exv0",
  "venue": "Frontiers in immunology",
  "versions": []
}