{
  "abstract": "Objectives: No validated instrument exists for assessing the training needs of rural-oriented general practitioners (GPs) in China. This study translated, cross-culturally adapted and expanded the Hennessy–Hicks Training Needs Analysis (HHTNA) questionnaire for this workforce and examined the psychometric properties of the resulting Chinese version (Ch-HHTNA).\n\nDesign: Two-phase instrument development and validation study: translation with a modified Delphi consensus exercise (September 2024 to January 2025), followed by a cross-sectional validation survey (February to April 2025).\n\nSetting: Primary care in Chongqing, China, spanning three geographic regions: the central urban area, Three Gorges Reservoir area and Wuling Mountain area.\n\nParticipants: Rural-oriented GPs registered in general practice, employed in a primary care institution in Chongqing and graduates of the Rural-oriented Medical Students Training Project. Quota sampling yielded 420 distributed questionnaires, of which 401 (95.5%) were returned and 385 (96.0% of those returned) analysed (mean age 28.7 years, 57.4% female).\n\nOutcome measures: Structural validity, internal consistency and criterion-related validity of the Ch-HHTNA and the item-level training-need difference (importance − proficiency).\n\nResults: The Ch-HHTNA comprised 37 items. Principal axis factoring with promax rotation yielded five factors that accounted for 57.9% of the total items. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s α 0.979 for scale A; category range, 0.841–0.958; split-half reliability, 0.953). Discrimination and content validity were adequate (corrected item-total correlation ≥0.30; scale-level content validity index, 0.992 and 0.996). Training-need gaps were largest for research-related tasks (writing reports: mean A − B 1.92, 95% CI 1.74 to 2.10).\n\nConclusions: The Ch-HHTNA is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the training needs of rural-oriented GPs in China and can inform the design of CME/CPD curricula. The adaptation procedure may serve as a methodological reference for comparable work elsewhere.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China",
    "Department of General Practice, Shangqingsi Community Health Service Center of Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China",
    "Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China",
    "Renhe Community Health Center of Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China",
    "Department of Academic Affairs, College of General Practice (Fifth Clinical College), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xintao Huang",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-8091-7241"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Haochen Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mo Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xingxin Deng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Min Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Huisheng Deng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhenrong Tang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/683httssm3stk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2026-119190",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723808/",
  "id": "683httssm3stk",
  "issns": [
    "2044-6055",
    "2044-6055"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-119190",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "1506"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "1709"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Medical Education and Training"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Innovations in Medical Education"
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  "openalex": "W7223840578",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13723808",
  "pmid": "42946361",
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "BMJ",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/683httssm3stk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.1136/bmjopen-2026-119190",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-119190"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:22:22Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13723808",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-119190"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Innovations in Medical Education",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of an expanded Chinese version of the training needs analysis questionnaire: evidence from rural-oriented general practitioners in Chongqing, China",
  "title_text": "Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of an expanded Chinese version of the training needs analysis questionnaire: evidence from rural-oriented general practitioners in Chongqing, China",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:22:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/683httssm3stk",
  "venue": "BMJ Open",
  "versions": []
}