{
  "abstract": "In this article, we introduce SiNFluD, a novel benchmark dataset for Sindhi figurative language classification. We collect phrases from web raw text sourced from various blogs, social media platforms, and literary sources, and subsequently prepare the corpus for annotation. Two native annotators label the data using the Doccano text annotation tool, achieving an inter-annotator agreement of 0.81 (Cohen's Kappa). We then establish baseline results using 5-fold and 10-fold cross-validation. Finally, we evaluate mBERT, XLM-RoBERTa, and XLM-RoBERTa-XL models, along with SetFit. For the SetFit experiments, we exploited the sentence Transformer as the backbone encoder. This multilingual MPNet checkpoint provides cross-lingual sentence embeddings and was fine-tuned using SetFit's parameter-efficient contrastive learning approach, followed by training a lightweight classification head on the Sindhi few-shot dataset. Among these, the pretrained XLM-RoBERTa-XL achieves the best classification performance with an accuracy of 92.27%. The SiNFluD dataset, comprising 4451 annotated instances across five categories (literal, idiom, proverb, metaphor, and simile), provides a foundational resource for figurative language research in Sindhi and other low-resource South Asian languages.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Data Science, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan; SoloGenAI Pvt. Ltd, Turku, Finland; Corresponding author at: Department of Data Science, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan",
    "Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia",
    "SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wazir Ali"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Adeeb Noor"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Saifullah Tumrani"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/691y3ra0ve7cy.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.dib.2026.113294",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340926008401",
  "id": "691y3ra0ve7cy",
  "issns": [
    "2352-3409"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2026.113294",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "Q1-390"
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    [
      "lcc",
      "R858-859.7"
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      "openalex",
      "1702|Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining"
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  "openalex": "W7220835027",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-01",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/691y3ra0ve7cy.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T14:21:20Z",
      "native_id": "0b0d5a7a95794dd8ab4c0d72399bc15f",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2026.113294"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:R858-859.7",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "SiNFluD: A novel benchmark dataset for sindhi figurative language classification",
  "title_text": "SiNFluD: A novel benchmark dataset for sindhi figurative language classification",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T14:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/691y3ra0ve7cy",
  "venue": "Data in Brief",
  "versions": []
}