{
  "abstract": "Purpose: This study examined associations between spike velocity and anthropometric characteristics, anaerobic performance, and physical fitness in elite sitting volleyball players.\n\nMethods: Thirty elite sitting volleyball players performed six maximal-effort spike trials and completed assessments of seated anthropometry, arm-crank anaerobic performance, upper-body strength and power, trunk function, and sport-specific movement performance. Pooled Pearson correlations, sex-adjusted partial correlations, sex-specific descriptive analyses, exploratory sex-adjusted regression, and a VS1-only sensitivity analysis were performed. Between-sex comparisons and correlation analyses used Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) false discovery rate (FDR) correction.\n\nResults: Men achieved higher spike velocity than women (67.22 ± 6.74 vs. 51.51 ± 6.04 km/h; Hedges’ g = 2.38, BH-adjusted p < 0.001). In the pooled sample, spike velocity showed strong positive correlations with seated vertical grip reach (r = 0.80), sitting height (r = 0.76), handgrip strength (r = 0.75), one-repetition maximum bench press (r = 0.74), and seated medicine-ball chest-pass distance (r = 0.70), and moderate positive correlations with hand span (r = 0.69), seated rotational medicine-ball throw (r = 0.65), peak power (r = 0.51), and mean power (r = 0.51). After adjustment for sex, most of the positive pooled associations were substantially attenuated, and none remained significant after FDR correction. The largest absolute sex-adjusted partial correlations were observed for hand span (partial r = 0.52), seated vertical grip reach (partial r = 0.48), relative peak power (partial r = −0.48), and sitting height (partial r = 0.40). Sex-specific descriptive analyses showed positive anthropometric correlations in both men and women, whereas strength and absolute anaerobic-power associations were less consistent. The exploratory regression including sex, seated vertical grip reach, and seated rotational medicine-ball throw accounted for 71.9% of the variance in spike velocity in this sample (adjusted R² = 0.687), with seated vertical grip reach retaining a positive coefficient (B = 0.457, p = 0.010). Excluding three VS2 athletes did not materially alter the findings.\n\nConclusion: Several strong pooled associations were substantially influenced by between-sex differences. Seated anthropometric measures showed the most consistent positive associations across adjusted and sex-specific analyses, but the findings remain associative and exploratory.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Physical Education & Health, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China",
    "The Branch of Beijing No.2 Middle School, Beijing, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shaocheng Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Meiling Ren"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinhu Yan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6dd6vy1yzcg3d.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2026.1992570",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13696302/",
  "id": "6dd6vy1yzcg3d",
  "issns": [
    "1664-042X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1992570",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2732|Sports Performance and Training"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221454441",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13696302?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13696302",
  "pmid": "42935843",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6dd6vy1yzcg3d.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:41Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13696302",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1992570"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42935843",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42935843"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2732|Sports Performance and Training",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Associations between spike velocity and physical characteristics in elite sitting volleyball players",
  "title_text": "Associations between spike velocity and physical characteristics in elite sitting volleyball players",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:40Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6dd6vy1yzcg3d",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Physiology",
  "versions": []
}