{
  "abstract": "Stable amplification of weak electrophysiological signals is important for low-voltage bioelectronic interfaces, but the gain and waveform fidelity of organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based amplifiers are strongly influenced by device characteristics and bias conditions. Herein, we develop a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) vertical organic electrochemical transistor (vOECT) common-source amplifier using an integrated solid-state electrolyte and investigate its bias-dependent amplification behavior. The fabricated vOECTs exhibits typical p-type depletion-mode operation, effective gate-controlled current modulation, and a maximum transconductance of 22 mS. Transient measurements show reversible current switching with response time constants of 0.909 and 0.635 ms, while repeated gate-voltage modulation over approximately 1000 s confirms stable cycling behavior. Based on the measured transfer and output characteristics, a common-source amplifier model is constructed to analyze the relationship between gate bias, bias resistance, output swing, and voltage gain. By optimizing the voltage-divider bias network, the amplifier achieves a voltage gain of approximately 3.374. The optimized circuit amplifies sinusoidal signals from 1 to 100 Hz and simulated ECG, EEG, and EOG waveforms while preserving their main temporal features and producing the expected phase-inverted output. Distortion and frequency-response analyses further show a 1% total harmonic distortion point at an input peak amplitude of 113 mV and a −3 dB cut-off frequency of 625 Hz. These results demonstrate the importance of bias optimization for achieving stable low-frequency voltage amplification in PEDOT:PSS vOECT common-source amplifiers.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China",
    "School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kun Xu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3824-5153"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Weiming Luo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Naichen Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yixin Cao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaolei Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yujing Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yunqing Tang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1836-8674"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6endnrjcq69dh.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nano16191274",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666998/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "6endnrjcq69dh",
  "issns": [
    "2079-4991"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666998",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2507|Conducting polymers and applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220891365",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666998/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13666998",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6endnrjcq69dh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:35Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13666998",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666998"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:45Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nano16191274",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/19/1274"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2507|Conducting polymers and applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "PEDOT:PSS-Based OECT Common-Source Amplifiers for Electrophysiological Signal Amplification",
  "title_text": "PEDOT:PSS-Based OECT Common-Source Amplifiers for Electrophysiological Signal Amplification",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6endnrjcq69dh",
  "venue": "Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}