{
  "abstract": "Background: People spend 80 to 90% of their time indoors, making indoor air quality (IAQ) a major public health factor. Poor IAQ can increase the risk of respiratory issues, heart disease, cognitive impairments, and cancer. This study, within K-HEALTHinAIR project, aims to evaluate potential exposure risks in homes and schools, across four countries.\n\nMethods: Data were collected using low-cost sensors to monitor CO₂, PM10, and PM₂.₅. Annual 24-hour average pollutant levels for 2025 were calculated, along with a risk analysis based on the frequency of exceedance of the guideline.\n\nResults: CO₂ levels in homes generally stay below guidelines, with slight winter increases, particularly in wood-heated homes (up to 893 ppm), while schools showed exceedance during winter in Poland (954 ppm). Elevated PM2.5 concentration occurs in homes with district heating in the Netherlands (19.4 μg/m³), and air conditioning (34.8 μg/m3), smoking (93.9 μg/m³), and gas cooking (29.5 μg/m³) in Spain. In schools PM₂.₅ levels are higher in Polish schools (22.0 μg/m³) compared to those in Austria (9.5 μg/m³). Risk analysis indicates that CO₂ exceedance was 2 % (Spain), 8% (Austria), 11 % (the Netherlands), and 19 % (Poland), with wood-heated homes showing the highest frequencies. PM₂.₅ presents the highest exceedance rates: 36 % in Spanish smokers’ homes, 30 % in Dutch homes with passive smokers, 56 % in Austrian wood-heated homes, and 24 % in Polish homes heated by electricity. In schools, CO₂ exceedances reach 41 % in Austria and 34 % in Poland, while PM₂.₅ exceeds limits in 24 % of Polish schools compared to 10 % in Austria.\n\nConclusions: The findings highlight the important influence of indoor activities and household characteristics on IAQ and the potential health risks.\n\nAcknowledgements: This study has been performed in the framework of the K-HEALTHinAIR project funded by the European Union (Grant agreement ID: 101057693).\n\nKey messages: • Indoor activities and heating types strongly affect IAQ, with frequent PM2.5 guideline exceedances in smoking, wood-heated, and poorly ventilated homes.\n\n• CO2 and PM levels often exceed guidelines in schools and homes, especially during winter, varying widely between countries and indicating potential health risks.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "abstract",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "O Boghenco"
    },
    {
      "name": "MO Corda"
    },
    {
      "name": "A Gómez-López"
    },
    {
      "name": "R González-Colom"
    },
    {
      "name": "A Badyda"
    },
    {
      "name": "A Kristian"
    },
    {
      "name": "S De Leede"
    },
    {
      "name": "A Van Grieken"
    },
    {
      "name": "J Fermoso"
    },
    {
      "name": "C Martins"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6epam5rbqkbwb.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.339",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13698838/",
  "id": "6epam5rbqkbwb",
  "issns": [
    "1101-1262",
    "1464-360X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.339",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "3. PARALLEL PROGRAMME"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00860"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SOC01210"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SOC02610"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223680120",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13698838/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13698838",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6epam5rbqkbwb.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:34Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13698838",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.339"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:48Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13698838",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13698838"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multicountry evaluation of indoor air in homes and schools: results from K-HEALTHinAIR project",
  "title_text": "Multicountry evaluation of indoor air in homes and schools: results from K-HEALTHinAIR project",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:35:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6epam5rbqkbwb",
  "venue": "The European Journal of Public Health",
  "versions": []
}