{ "abstract": "Community-based active case finding (ACF) for tuberculosis (TB) is recommended in high-burden settings, yet evidence on implementation costs from prospective programmatic data remains limited. We estimated and compared the costs of two community-based ACF screening approaches: Computer-Aided Detection of chest X-rays alone (CAD4TBv7 approach) and CAD4TBv7 followed by point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing within a predefined score window (CAD4TBv7-CRP approach), evaluated in a prospective, paired screen-positive trial in South Africa and Lesotho. Nested within the TB TRIAGE+ trial (September 2022-September 2024), we applied a bottom-up ingredients-based approach from a programmatic perspective to estimate economic and financial costs, separately for TB-only and integrated (TB, HIV, and non-communicable disease) screening. Uncertainty was estimated via probabilistic sensitivity analysis, while scenario analyses explored higher modelled TB prevalence (1%) and expanded screening volume (100,000 participants). Among 20,023 participants screened (6,986 in South Africa; 13,037 in Lesotho), 72 TB cases were detected under the CAD4TBv7 approach and 60 under the CAD4TBv7-CRP approach (full analysis set). For TB-only screening, the average cost per TB case detected was USD 5,454 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 4,294–6,777) for the CAD4TBv7 approach and USD 7,486 (95% UI: 5,948–9,246) for the CAD4TBv7-CRP approach, 37% more expensive. Recurrent costs accounted for 67–72% of total costs. Personnel was the dominant cost driver in South Africa, and vehicle costs in Lesotho. Higher TB prevalence would substantially reduce the average cost per TB case detected, whereas scaling up participant numbers at the observed prevalence would not. The additional cost of CRP testing was not offset by savings from averted confirmatory tests, making the CAD4TBv7-CRP approach more expensive than CAD4TBv7 alone. CRP-based sequential screening may offer greater cost advantages in settings with lower inflammatory comorbidity burden, though this requires prospective evaluation. TB screening strategies should be tailored to local epidemiological and health-system contexts.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland", "University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland", "Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland", "Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics (CED-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain", "Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Sweetwaters, South Africa", "SolidarMed, Butha Buthe, Lesotho", "SYNAPSE Research Collective, Wits Health Consortium, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa", "SAMRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa", "Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium", "University of Milan, Milan, Italy" ], "article_type": "Research Article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 17, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Harsh Vivek Harkare" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Anna Verjans" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Phillip Joseph" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Mashaete Kamele" }, { "affs": [ 4 ], "name": "Shriya Misra" }, { "affs": [ 5 ], "name": "Mamatlakeng Keitseng" }, { "affs": [ 6 ], "name": "Mojabeng Mabeleng" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Thandanani Madonsela" }, { "affs": [ 8 ], "name": "Alastair van Heerden" }, { "affs": [ 9 ], "name": "Johanna Kurscheid" }, { "name": "Bart K.M. Jacobs" }, { "name": "Aita Signorell" }, { "name": "Fiona Vanobberghen" }, { "name": "Klaus Reither" }, { "name": "Irene Ayakaka" }, { "name": "Shannon Bosman" }, { "name": "Fabrizio Tediosi" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6h2aykkjdq3cg.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pgph.0007341", "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007341", "id": "6h2aykkjdq3cg", "issns": [ "2767-3375" ], "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007341", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "journal", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "2725|Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine/HIV diagnosis and management" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Bacterial diseases/Tuberculosis" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Tropical diseases/Tuberculosis" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Immunodeficiency viruses/HIV" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Retroviruses/Lentivirus/HIV" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health/Health screening" ], [ "plos", "/People and places/Geographical locations/Africa/Lesotho" ], [ "plos", "/People and places/Geographical locations/Africa/South Africa" ], [ "plos", "/Social sciences/Economics/Economic analysis" ], [ "plos", "/Social sciences/Economics/Finance" ] ], "openalex": "W7213881014", "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007341&type=printable", "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-09-21", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6h2aykkjdq3cg.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pgph.0007341", "source": "plos", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007341" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:microbiology", "subfield": "microbiology" }, { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:public and occupational health", "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health" }, { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:infectious diseases", "subfield": "infectious-disease" } ], "title": "Comparative cost analysis of community-based tuberculosis screening: Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) alone versus CAD with point-of-care C-reactive protein testing in South Africa and Lesotho", "title_text": "Comparative cost analysis of community-based tuberculosis screening: Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) alone versus CAD with point-of-care C-reactive protein testing in South Africa and Lesotho", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6h2aykkjdq3cg", "venue": "PLOS Global Public Health", "versions": [] }