{
  "abstract": "Upper Northern Thailand experiences recurrent seasonal PM2.5 pollution, particularly during periods of biomass burning. This study assessed the spatial and seasonal distribution of ambient PM2.5 concentrations and health risks across eight provinces during 2021–2023. Non-carcinogenic risk was evaluated using hazard quotients (HQs) relative to PM2.5 benchmarks established by the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (U.S. NAAQS), and Thailand’s National Environment Board (NEB) standards. The regional mean (± SD) PM2.5 concentration was 27.57 ± 23.40 µg/m3 (range, 8.40–78.64 µg/m3). Mean HQs were higher in the dry season than in the rainy season, increasing from 1.19 ± 0.23–4.31 ± 1.22 for WHO guidelines, from 0.50 ± 0.10–1.80 ± 0.51 for U.S. NAAQS, and from 0.24 ± 0.05–0.86 ± 0.24 for NEB standards. The PM2.5 concentrations and HQs varied greatly among provinces and seasons, with the highest values in the dry season. The results show that there are large differences in space and time of PM2.5 exposure in Upper Northern Thailand, and the dry season is the time of greatest exposure. Spatially resolved assessment of PM2.5 can help identify areas and periods requiring closer air-quality surveillance and targeted exposure-reduction measures.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand",
    "Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan",
    "Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand",
    "Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sarawut Sangkham"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Worradorn Phairuang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Anh Tuan Ta"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6haegwch2xhjp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102360",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735284/",
  "id": "6haegwch2xhjp",
  "issns": [
    "2214-7500"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102360",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "heading",
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      "openalex",
      "2307|Air Quality and Health Impacts"
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  "openalex": "W7222957273",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13735284",
  "pmid": "42990759",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6haegwch2xhjp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:20:59Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13735284",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102360"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Air Quality and Health Impacts",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Spatial assessment of PM2.5 exposure and health risks in Upper Northern Thailand: Implications for public health",
  "title_text": "Spatial assessment of PM2.5 exposure and health risks in Upper Northern Thailand: Implications for public health",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:20:59Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6haegwch2xhjp",
  "venue": "Toxicology Reports",
  "versions": []
}