{
  "abstract": "Background: Resin-based composites remain incompletely polymerised after light-curing, leaving unreacted monomers that can leach into oral fluids. Data on the temporal patterns of this release - especially contrasting flowable and packable composites under varying solvent conditions - remain limited.\n\nMaterials and methods: This in vitro study evaluated the identity and time-dependent elution of residual monomers from a packable composite (Charisma Smart) and a flowable composite (Fusion Flo). Specimens (n = 10 per composite × medium combination; 40 total) were immersed continuously in either deionised water or a 1:1 water-ethanol mixture. The extraction medium was fully replenished on Days 1, 2, 7, and 14, tracking the same specimens longitudinally (160 eluates total). High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) qualitatively identified leached species. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry tracked relative monomer quantities calibrated against a triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) standard; for co-eluting species, values are reported as approximate methacrylate equivalents. Data were analysed using a split-plot three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests. Qualitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) surveyed surface topography before and after 30-day immersion.\n\nResults: Monomer leaching differed significantly by composite, medium, interval, and all interactions (p < 0.001). Water-ethanol produced substantially greater leaching than water for both composites (p < 0.05), with the packable composite releasing the largest absolute quantities (1,086.1 µg at Day 1). HRMS also detected urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) exclusively in the flowable composite's water-ethanol eluate. Only the flowable composite in water exhibited a simple monotonic decline across intervals. The other three conditions showed a sharp initial drop from Day 1 to Day 2, followed by a significant secondary rise at Day 7. SEM confirmed structural surface cracking and flaking in both media, alongside filler-scale pitting on water-ethanol-immersed surfaces.\n\nConclusion: Both composites released statistically distinguishable amounts of monomer, heavily accelerated by the water-ethanol medium. The non-monotonic temporal pattern reveals a complex secondary release phase not captured by standard single-decay models, highlighting the critical relevance of observation duration and solvent dynamics in biocompatibility screenings.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, Kalyani, IND",
    "Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Kalyani, IND",
    "Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, Kalyani, IND"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Vidushi Gilhotra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rahul Banerjee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ajay Chhabra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shayan Karak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Supratim Ghosh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bhupendra Ramesh Babaria"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6j43c8r9922n6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7759/cureus.117193",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13720705/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "6j43c8r9922n6",
  "issns": [
    "2168-8184"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13720705",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Dentistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3505|Dental materials and restorations"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214902641",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13720705/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13720705",
  "pmid": "42964518",
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": "Cureus Inc.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6j43c8r9922n6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:36Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13720705",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13720705"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:32Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13720705",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.117193"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Solvent-Dependent Monomer Leaching From Two Commercial Dental Resin Composites: A Time-Dependent Elution Behaviour",
  "title_text": "Solvent-Dependent Monomer Leaching From Two Commercial Dental Resin Composites: A Time-Dependent Elution Behaviour",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:21:32Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6j43c8r9922n6",
  "venue": "Cureus",
  "versions": []
}