{
  "abstract": "Water-reactive polyurethane (PU) grout is widely used for water sealing, yet its gel-forming capacity and property evolution under uncontrolled water addition remain insufficiently understood. In this study, PU:water volume ratios from 1:1 to 1:20 were investigated using gelation tests, Shore OO hardness and uniaxial compression tests, SEM, ATR-FTIR, and non-reactive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Increasing water addition prolonged the gelation time from approximately 15 s at PU:water = 1:1 to 22 s at 1:15. Stable gel formation was maintained up to a water-addition multiple of 18× (PU:water = 1:18, v/v), whereas stable gel formation failed at multiples of 19× and 20×. Meanwhile, the Shore OO hardness decreased from approximately 63 to 2, and the compressive stress at 50% strain decreased from 208 to 8 kPa between PU:water = 1:1 and 1:15. SEM revealed increasingly heterogeneous and locally loose pore structures at high water contents. ATR-FTIR confirmed substantial consumption of free –NCO groups and changes in the carbonyl/amide region after curing. MD simulations further showed composition-dependent changes in local water distribution and hydrogen-bond participation before reaction. These results establish the water-tolerance boundary and multiscale property evolution of water-reactive PU, providing a basis for controlling PU–water proportions in water-rich grouting applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bowen Qi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xinhua Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Langtian Qin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Feng Huang",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-5092-4911"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6japkh3p7sdwv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/polym18212731",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "6japkh3p7sdwv",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2731",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-03",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6japkh3p7sdwv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:00Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/polym18212731",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2731"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2073-4360",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effect of Water Addition on Gel-Forming Capacity and Structure–Property Evolution of Water-Reactive Polyurethane Grout",
  "title_text": "Effect of Water Addition on Gel-Forming Capacity and Structure–Property Evolution of Water-Reactive Polyurethane Grout",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:20:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6japkh3p7sdwv",
  "venue": "Polymers",
  "versions": []
}