{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nCombined overdoses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers are rare but associated with more severe toxicity than either agent alone.Case description\n\nA 48-year-old woman presented to the emergency department nine hours after intentionally ingesting 40 tablets of amlodipine (10 mg) and 40 tablets of ramipril (10 mg). On arrival, she was hypotensive and tachycardic. Initial management included fluids, intravenous calcium and insulin bolus followed by high-dose insulin euglycaemic therapy (HIET). Despite escalating vasopressor support, she developed mixed vasoplegic and cardiogenic shock complicated by acute kidney injury, fluid overload, respiratory failure and metabolic acidosis, necessitating intubation and continuous renal replacement therapy. Improvement in haemodynamics was only achieved by day 9. She was transferred from the intensive care unit (ICU) on day 20 with residual weakness from ICU-acquired myopathy and was ultimately discharged after 66 days, with a prolonged hospitalisation attributed to delirium and deconditioning.Discussion\n\nSevere combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and calcium channel blockers (CCB) overdose may cause prolonged, refractory haemodynamic instability requiring extended high-dose insulin euglycaemic therapy (HIET), vasoactive support and fluid administration. Concentrated insulin, dextrose and vasopressor preparations may help mitigate fluid overload. Angiotensin II may be a potential treatment for refractory vasoplegia, although evidence and availability remain limited. Secondary complications can prolong recovery beyond the duration of drug toxicity.Conclusion\n\nThis case highlights the need for individualised, multidisciplinary management, early HIET, vasoactive support and fluid-sparing strategies in severe combined ACEI and CCB overdose.Learning points\n\nManagement of severe combined calcium channel blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor overdose may require prolonged resuscitation with high-dose insulin euglycaemic therapy, vasoactive support and fluid administration. The cumulative fluid requirements of these therapies, combined with complications such as acute kidney injury, can contribute to severe fluid overload. The use of concentrated insulin, dextrose and vasopressor preparations may help limit the iatrogenic fluid accumulation.Clinicians should anticipate and proactively manage secondary complications, including acute kidney injury, volume overload, respiratory failure and infection, as these complications may independently prolong recovery beyond the expected duration of drug toxicity.Combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and calcium channel blocker overdose lacks established management guidelines and requires individualised, multidisciplinary care based on clinical severity and response to therapy.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Faculty of Medicine, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria.",
    "Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.",
    "Department of Emergency Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.",
    "Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.",
    "Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.",
    "Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.",
    "Department of Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.",
    "Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fares Kahal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Natasha Guérard-Poirier"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Cheng Ji"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ashvini Gursahaney"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Marc Perreault"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ghina Moussa"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6jwfbjce32tja.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.12890/2026_007381",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13750784",
  "id": "6jwfbjce32tja",
  "issns": [
    "2284-2594"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43012017",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2711|Poisoning and overdose treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222624689",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13750784?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13750784",
  "pmid": "43012017",
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6jwfbjce32tja.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-12T15:25:13Z",
      "native_id": "MED:43012017",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43012017"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2711|Poisoning and overdose treatments",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Combined Calcium Channel Blocker And Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Overdose.",
  "title_text": "Combined Calcium Channel Blocker And Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Overdose.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-13T15:20:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6jwfbjce32tja",
  "venue": "European journal of case reports in internal medicine",
  "versions": []
}